Crónica de una muerte anunciada: el ocaso del partido de Estado en Oaxaca

La movilización popular a partir del 14 de junio de 2006 en la ciudad de Oaxaca de Juárez y la victoria de la oposición en el estado en las elecciones federales del 2 de julio del mismo año están conectadas. Los dos procesos reflejan la crisis terminal de un régimen político sustentado en las tradicionales relaciones de dominación clientelista y autoritaria. Sin embargo, el vuelco electoral a favor de la oposición en las últimas elecciones presidenciales y legislativas no es una novedad absoluta. Al analizar en detalle la evolución de los resultados electorales en los 570 municipios de Oaxaca, aparece que tanto en el campo como en las ciudades el PRII no ha dejado de perder votos desde finales de la década de 1980. La oposición (el PRD, el PAN y, más recientemente, el partido Convergencia) han ido ganando terreno de manera continua en los últimos veinte años. Oaxaca ha dejado, paulatinamente, de ser un bastión del voto “verde” para el PRI.The popular movement that emerged on June the 14th, 2006, in the city of Oaxaca de Juárez and the opposition’s victory on the elections held on July the 2nd of the same year are connected. Both processes reflect the terminal crisis of a political regime based on traditional clientele and authoritarian relationships as forms of domination.However, the electoral shift that favored the opposition during the last presidential and legislative elections isn’t entirely new.After a detailed analysis of the evolution of the electoral results in the 570 districts of Oaxaca, one can conclude that the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) has been loosing votes since the end of the eighties decade. The opposition (PRD, PAN, and recently the Convergencia) have gained ground during the last 20 years.Oaxaca has gradually ceased to be a stronghold of the PRI

Mexique : L’Armée zapatiste de libération nationale, vingt ans après...

Le 25 mai 2014, le sous-commandant Marcos a cessé d’être le porte-parole de l’Armée zapatiste de libération nationale (EZLN). Ce personnage qui a beaucoup contribué à la visibilité du zapatisme, dès le soulèvement du 1er janvier 19941, a cédé sa place à une nouvelle « voix cagoulée », celle du sous-commandant Moisés. Celui qui incarnait le guérillero à la pipe et la casquette effilée a adopté un nouveau nom de guerre, celui de Galeano, en hommage à l’un des miliciens de l’EZLN tué par les membres d’une organisation rivale, dans un affrontement provoqué par le vol d’une camionnette, début mai 2014..

Le Mexique après les élections législatives et régionales de 2009

Les élections législatives de juillet 2009 ont confirmé la tendance à l’oeuvre lors de la première moitié du mandat du président de la République Felipe Calderón (2006-2012), à savoir un renforcement progressif du Parti révolutionnaire institutionnel (PRI)1 tant à la tête des exécutifs régionaux (Etats fédérés) qu’au niveau fédéral. Cette évolution politique a pour toile de fond une augmentation des affrontements violents liés à la guerre contre le crime organisé. Nous examinerons ici les enjeux que pose la nouvelle configuration politique dans la perspective des présidentielles de 2012

Experimental validation of a mathematical model for the evolution of the particle morphology of waterborne polymer-polymer hybrids: paving the way to the design and implementation of optimal polymerization strategies

Polymer-polymer composite nanoparticles allow both the improvement of the performance in stablished applications of waterborne polymer dispersions and targeting new applications that are out of reach of currently available products. The performance of these materials is determined by the particle morphology. To open the way to process optimization and on-line control of the particle morphology, the capability of the recently developed model to predict the evolution of the particle morphology during seeded semibatch emulsion polymerization process was evaluated. Structured polymer particles were synthesized by copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate (St-BA) on methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate (MMA–BA) copolymer seeds of different Tgs. The model captured well the effect of process variables on the evolution of the particle morphology, opening the way to the design and implementation of optimal strategies.The financial support of the RECOBA project (funding from European Framework Horizon 2020, No. 636820) is gratefully acknowledged

Kinetics of the Aqueous Phase Copolymerization of MAA and PEGMA Macromonomer: Influence of Monomer Concentration and Side Chain Length of PEGMA

An in situ nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) technique is used to monitor the aqueous-phase copolymerization kinetics of methacrylic acid (MAA) and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) macromonomers. In particular, the study analyses the effect of the number of ethylene glycol (EG) groups along the lateral chains of PEGMA and is carried out under fully ionized conditions of MAA at different initial monomer ratios and initial overall monomer concentrations (5-20 wt % in aqueous solution). The composition drift with conversion indicates that PEGMA macromonomer is more reactive than MAA. Individual monomer consumption rates show that the rates of consumption of both monomers are not first order with respect to overall concentration of the monomer. The reactivity ratios estimated from the copolymerization kinetics reveal, that for the short PEGMA, the reactivity ratios r(MAA) and r(PEGMA) increase with the solids content (SC). A totally different trend is obtained for the longer PEGMA, whose reactivity ratio (r(PEGMA23)) decreases with solids content, whereas the reactivity ratio of MAA remains roughly constant.This work has been carried out in the framework of the BASKRETE initiative under the umbrella of the EUSKAMPUS project. Iraki Emaldi acknowledges the funding provided by EUSKAMPUS Fundazioa, POLYMAT and TECANLIA for his scholarship. Shaghayegh Hamzehlou and Jose Ramon Leiza acknowledge the funding provided by MINECO (CTQ 2014-59016P) and Basque Government (IT-999-16). Jorge Sanchez Dolado acknowledges the funding for the GEI Green Concrete Project given by the Basque Government (2015 Emaitek Program). The authors also thank the discussion with Jose arlos de la Cal on the estimation of the reactivity ratios and they are grateful to Jose nacio Miranda and the SGIker Gipuzkoa Unit (UPV/EHU) for the NMR facilities

Diagnostic modalities for distant metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Are we changing life expectancy?

Objectives/Hypothesis: To determine if the various imaging modalities for distant metastasis (DM) diagnosis alters life expectancy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Study Design: Retrospective. Methods: One hundred seventy patients (mean age, 59.1 years; male:female, 135:35) with HNSCC who developed DM were reviewed. The main outcome measures were the method of DM diagnosis and time from DM diagnosis to death while controlling for clinical parameters (age, gender, tobacco status, primary tumor site, initial TNM classification, number and site of DM, administration of palliative chemotherapy). Results: Tumor subsites were: 40 oral cavity, 75 oropharynx, 36 larynx, 10 hypopharynx, one nasopharynx, and eight unknown primary. Of the patients, 16.5% (28/170) had distant metastasis at presentation; the remaining 142 patients were diagnosed with DM at a median of 324 days from diagnosis. Although patients diagnosed with DM by positron‐emission tomography (PET) scan were more likely to have multiple DM sites ( P = .0001), there were no differences in life expectancy in patients who were diagnosed with or without PET scan (median, 185 vs. 165 days, P = .833). There were no differences in life expectancy based on age, gender, site of primary tumor, or number/site of DM. The use of palliative chemotherapy resulted in a significantly longer life expectancy (median, 285 vs. 70 days; P = .001). Conclusions: Although a PET scan is more likely to diagnose multiple DM sites, there was no difference in life expectancy based on imaging modality. Patients who are symptomatic from their distant metastasis have a worse life expectancy, and palliative chemotherapy was able to increase life expectancy, even in patients who were symptomatic from the distant metastasis.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/92128/1/23264_ftp.pd

LC-MS based quantification of 2’-ribosylated nucleosides Ar(p) and Gr(p) in tRNA

RNA nucleosides are often naturally modified into complex non-canonical structures with key biological functions. Here we report LC-MS quantification of the Ar(p) and Gr(p) 2'-ribosylated nucleosides in tRNA using deuterium labelled standards, and the first detection of Gr(p) in complex fungi

Prediction of topsoil organic carbon using airborne and satellite hyperspectral imagery

The Airborne Hyperspectral Scanner (AHS) and the Hyperion satellite hyperspectral sensors were evaluated for their ability to predict topsoil organic carbon (C) in burned mountain areas of northwestern Spain slightly covered by heather vegetation. Predictive models that estimated total organic C (TOC) and oxidizable organic C (OC) content were calibrated using two datasets: a ground observation dataset with 39 topsoil samples collected in the field (for models built using AHS data), and a dataset with 200 TOC/OC observations predicted by AHS (for models built using Hyperion data). For both datasets, the prediction was performed by stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) using reflectances and spectral indices (SI) obtained from the images, and by the widely-used partial least squares regression (PLSR) method. SMLR provided a performance comparable to or even better than PLSR, while using a lower number of channels. SMLR models for the AHS were based on a maximum of eight indices, and showed a coefficient of determination in the leave-one-out cross-validation R2 = 0.60–0.62, while models for the Hyperion sensor showed R2 = 0.49–0.61, using a maximum of 20 indices. Although slightly worse models were obtained for the Hyperion sensor, which was attributed to its lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the prediction of TOC/OC was consistent across both sensors. The relevant wavelengths for TOC/OC predictions were the red region of the spectrum (600–700 nm), and the short wave infrared region between ~2000–2250 nm. The use of SMLR and spectral indices based on reference channels at ~1000 nm was suitable to quantify topsoil C, and provided an alternative to the more complex PLSR method