Satellite mapping in cities and below cities: how good is it now?

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) have existed since the launch of the US global positioning system constellation in 1978. There is an increasing need for better maps in the digital age, particularly for buried utilities. One of the most convenient methods for creating accurate maps is the use of navigation satellites for positioning. However, built-up urban areas are not ideal for the use of this positioning technology. This paper provides an update on the situation regarding GNSS and assesses how new satellites and signals are contributing to better positioning availability by carrying out a test in a controlled environment. The results show that using combined satellite systems improves availability in urban canyons in some cases, but not in all scenarios. In addition, pipeline mapping technology has been tested and been shown to be an effective means of mapping pipes deep under the ground over short distances

Index Terms- Ant Colony Optimization(ACO),

Abstract- Ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms have been applied successfully to combinatorial optimization problems. More recently, Parpinelli et al have applied ACO to data mining classification problems, where they introduced a classification algorithm called Ant Miner. In this paper, we present a system that combines both the proposed Improved Quickreduct algorithm for data preprocessing and ant miner. The proposed system was tested on standard data set and its performance is better than the original Ant Miner algorithm

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Spectral stray light effect on high-temperature measurements using a near-infrared multi-wavelength pyrometer

The spectral stray light is a major, non-negligible error source affecting spectral intensity measurements for optical instruments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of spectral stray light on high-temperature measurements using a near-infrared (1.0-1.65 mu m) multi-wavelength pyrometer. The spectral stray light corrections were measured for the multi-wavelength pyrometer using a pulsed tunable laser for wavelengths from 0.41 mu m to 2.63 mu m. A matrix correction method was then used for the spectral stray light for the multi-wavelength pyrometer. The spectral response characteristics of the pyrometer were calibrated using a standard high-temperature blackbody source. The experimental results show that the spectral response characteristics are approximately identical for different calibration temperatures when the spectral stray light correction is used. The corrections for the spectral stray light significantly improve the accuracy of the multi-wavelength pyrometer at a blackbody calibration temperature which gives a simplified accurate calibration procedure, unlike the temperature calibrations for general optical pyrometers. Temperature measurement tests using a multi-wavelength pyrometer for standard high-temperature source further verified the measurement accuracy of the calibrated pyrometer which also illustrates the necessity of the spectral stray light corrections for the complex optical pyrometer and the applicability of the multi-wavelength algorithm. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved