Testamentary Formalities in Scotland

There are no separate rules of testamentary formality in Scottish law, and wills are solemnised in the same way as other juridical acts for which writing is required. The reason is historical. Until 1868 it was not possible to make a will in respect of immoveable property, and heirs could only be disinherited by a deed which had at least the appearance of an inter vivos conveyance. In practice, such conveyances tended to be used for moveable property as well although a will was competent. The result was that wills were little used until the second half of the nineteenth century, by which time it was too late to develop distinctive rules of execution. This chapter examines the history of testamentary formalities in Scotland, considers the influences, internal and external, on the development of the law, and evaluates the role played by legal policy

Linguistic aspects of the development of derivative suffixing in English

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1968 R45Master of Art

From Text-Book to Book of Authority:The Principles of George Joseph Bell

As the last of the “institutional” works, George Joseph Bell’s Principles of the Law of Scotland is today seen as marking the end of the “institutional” period in Scottish legal development. Remarkably, however, the Principles was originally conceived, not as an authoritative work which would bring its author enduring fame, but as a student text - indeed as one part only of a whole system of legal education. This paper examines the circumstances in which the Principles was written and considers its gradual transformation into a work of a quite different kind

EU Renewable Energy Targets in 2020 - Analysis of Scenarios for Transport - JEC Biofuels Programme

In the three-year JEC Biofuels Programme, the research collaboration between the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, EUCAR and CONCAWE has investigated the potential role of biofuels and other renewable and alternative energy sources in achieving the mandatory 10% renewable energy target in the transport sector by 2020 with an associated calculation of the impact of renewable fuels on the Fuel Quality directive target. The focus of the analysis was on road transport although all other transport modes have been considered. A dedicated analytical tool, the so-called Fleet and Fuels (F&F) model, has been developed and used. The modelled fleet development leads to a transport fuel demand and constitutes the basis on which penetration and distribution of alternative motor fuels - and availability thereof - are analysed. The impacts of key parameters on the achievement of the RED 10% target are analysed in sensitivity cases.JRC.DDG.F.9-Sustainable Transport (Ispra

Symbolism In Early Markets For Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This study explores the symbolic meanings for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) being appropriated and communicated by the vehicles’ owners. As symbolic meanings are shown to be important to HEV purchase and use, understanding both the meanings and the social processes in the construction of these meanings is essential for policy makers and others hoping to promote “green” vehicles. HEVs embody new combinations of meanings in the vehicle market. Many observers who fail to recognize this struggle to explain why some people want HEVs. They may characterize HEV buyers as naïve about calculating payback on fuel economy, or call HEVs “a badge of honor” or status symbol. This research breaks through such simplistic categorizations. Through the telling and analysis of HEV buyers’ own stories this research takes a robust approach to understanding the creation and spread of new meanings and development of markets. Household buyers of the first generation of HEVs told these stories in semi-structured home interviews. Their stories are analyzed by drawing upon semiotics to explore the formation and structure of meanings. In particular, the study explores how widely recognized social (denotative) meanings are connected to more personal (connotative) meanings

Maximum Torque and Momentum Envelopes for Reaction Wheel Arrays

Spacecraft reaction wheel maneuvers are limited by the maximum torque and/or angular momentum that the wheels can provide. For an n-wheel configuration, the torque or momentum envelope can be obtained by projecting the n-dimensional hypercube, representing the domain boundary of individual wheel torques or momenta, into three dimensional space via the 3xn matrix of wheel axes. In this paper, the properties of the projected hypercube are discussed, and algorithms are proposed for determining this maximal torque or momentum envelope for general wheel configurations. Practical strategies for distributing a prescribed torque or momentum among the n wheels are presented, with special emphasis on configurations of four, five, and six wheels

EU renewable energy targets in 2020: Revised analysis of scenarios for transport fuels. JEC Biofuels Programme

This study provides a robust scientific assessment of different renewable energy implementation scenarios and their associated impacts on the RED 10% renewable energy target for transport. The primary focus is on road transport demand although all other transport modes (aviation, rail, inland navigation and off-road) have also been considered and would be important contributors towards reaching the renewable target and GHG reduction target.JRC.F.8-Sustainable Transpor

Variable structure motifs for transcription factor binding sites.

BACKGROUND: Classically, models of DNA-transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) have been based on relatively few known instances and have treated them as sites of fixed length using position weight matrices (PWMs). Various extensions to this model have been proposed, most of which take account of dependencies between the bases in the binding sites. However, some transcription factors are known to exhibit some flexibility and bind to DNA in more than one possible physical configuration. In some cases this variation is known to affect the function of binding sites. With the increasing volume of ChIP-seq data available it is now possible to investigate models that incorporate this flexibility. Previous work on variable length models has been constrained by: a focus on specific zinc finger proteins in yeast using restrictive models; a reliance on hand-crafted models for just one transcription factor at a time; and a lack of evaluation on realistically sized data sets. RESULTS: We re-analysed binding sites from the TRANSFAC database and found motivating examples where our new variable length model provides a better fit. We analysed several ChIP-seq data sets with a novel motif search algorithm and compared the results to one of the best standard PWM finders and a recently developed alternative method for finding motifs of variable structure. All the methods performed comparably in held-out cross validation tests. Known motifs of variable structure were recovered for p53, Stat5a and Stat5b. In addition our method recovered a novel generalised version of an existing PWM for Sp1 that allows for variable length binding. This motif improved classification performance. CONCLUSIONS: We have presented a new gapped PWM model for variable length DNA binding sites that is not too restrictive nor over-parameterised. Our comparison with existing tools shows that on average it does not have better predictive accuracy than existing methods. However, it does provide more interpretable models of motifs of variable structure that are suitable for follow-up structural studies. To our knowledge, we are the first to apply variable length motif models to eukaryotic ChIP-seq data sets and consequently the first to show their value in this domain. The results include a novel motif for the ubiquitous transcription factor Sp1.RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are