On the trophic fate of Phaeocystis pouchetii: VII. Sterols and fatty acids reveal sedimentation of Phaocystis-derived organic matter via krill fecal strings

As part of a joint project on the fate of phytoplankton in Balsfjorden in Northern Norway, we investigated the trophic fate and sedimentation potential of Phaeocystis pouchetii by tracing the transition of biomarker patterns from a phytoplankton bloom to sediment traps and during a gut passage experiment. The phytoplankton biomass during the spring bloom 1996 was dominated by colonial P. pouchetii (ca. 85 %) and four members of the diatom family Thalassiosiraceae (ca. 10%). Particulate organic carbon in sediment traps largely consisted of fecal material from the Arctic krill Thysanoessa sp.. Sterol and fatty acid biomarker patterns in the phytoplankton bloom could be reproduced by combining the individual biomarker patterns of the isolated phytoplankters P. pouchetii and Thalassiosira decipiens in a ratio of ca. 75:25. In a laboratory experiment, Arctic krill (Thysanoessa raschii) fed with similar efficiency on Phaeocystis colonies and the Thalassiosiraceae. During gut passage, the abundance of Thalassiosiraceae biomarkers in fecal strings increased relative to Phaeocystis biomarkers, while biomarkers from krill became dominant. This transition of biomarker patterns due to gut passage in T. raschii closely resembled the biomarker transition from the surface bloom to material in sediment traps at 40-170 m depth, which was mainly composed of krill fecal strings. We conclude that krill grazed efficiently on Phaeocystis colonies in Balsfjorden, and caused sedimentation of Phaeocystis-derived organic matter below the euphotic zone via fecal strings. Hence, both transfer to higher trophic levels and sedimentation of Phaeocystis-derived organic matter can be more effective than commonly believed

PENERAPAN PEMBELAJARAN CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING (CTL) TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA POKOK BAHASAN CARA-CARA PENANGANAN LIMBAH DI SMK CARUBAN NAGARI KECAMATAN DUKUPUNTANG KABUPATEN CIREBON

JUBAEDAH : Penerapan Pembelajaran Contexstual Teaching And Learning (CTL) Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Pokok Bahasan Cara-Cara Penanganan Limbah Di SMK Caruban Nagari Kecamatan Dukupuntang Kabupaten Cirebon. Proses pembelajaran Contexstual Teaching and Learning (CTL) merupakan pembelajaran yang membantu guru antara materi yang diajarkan dengan situasi dunia nyata siswa dan mendorong siswa membuat hubungan antara pengetahuan yang dimiliki dengan penerapannya dalam kehidupannya sebagai anggota keluarga dan masyarakat. Dengan pemahaman ini, hasil belajar diharapkan lebih bermakna bagi siswa. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, seorang guru dapat menggunakan pembelajaran Contexstual Teaching and Learning (CTL) dalam menyampaikan materi khususnya IPA (Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bagaimana penerapan pembelajaran dengan menggunakan contextual teaching and learning (CTL) terhadap hasil belajar siswa pada pokok bahasan cara-cara penanganan limbah di SMK Caruban Nagari Kecamatan Dukupuntang Kabupaten Cirebon.Untuk mengkaji apakah ada perbedaan hasil belajar yang menggunakan contextual teaching and learning (CTL) dan pembelajaran tidak menggunakan contextual teaching and learning (CTL) terhadap hasil belajar siswa antara kelas eksperimen dengan kelas kontrol pada pokok bahasan cara-cara penanganan limbah.Untuk mengkaji bagaimana respon siswa terhadap penerapan pembelajaran contextual teaching and learning (CTL) pada pokok bahasan cara-cara penanganan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa SMK Caruban Nagari Kecamatan Dukupuntang Kabupaten Cirebon. Adapun sampel dalam penelitian ini yakni diambil kelas XIa sebagai kelas kontrol dan kelas XI b eksperimen dalam penelitian dan masing-masing kelas berjumlah 30 siswa. Dalam pengumpulan data, penulis menggunakan teknik tes, angket dan observasi. Setelah data diperoleh dari hasil penelitian maka data tersebut dianalisis dengan cara analisis kuantitaf, sebelum penulis melakukan uji instrumen untuk memperoleh validitas menggunkan master templet. Kesimpulam dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam proses pembelajaran yang dilakukan dalam kelas dengan menggunakan Contexstual Teaching and Learning (CTL) mendapat nilai minimum 11 mengalami peningkatan sampai nilai 19 dengan nilai rata-rata 21.13. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari pada gain dari tiap kelas. Dari data yang diperoleh dari gain menunjukan bahwa nilai t diperoleh sebesar = -6,323 dengan derajat kebebasan (df) = n1 + n2 – 2 = (30 + 30 – 2 =58 ).α = 0,05 diperoleh Sig.0,000. karena Sig.0,000 < 0,05 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa Ha diterima. Respon siswa terhadap penerapan pembelajaran contextual teaching and learning (CTL) yang menjawab ya sebesar 49 % termasuk kriteria cukup, yang menjawab kadang-kadang sebesar 39% kriteria rendah dan yang menjawab tidak sedikit sekali 12% termasuk kriteria rendah sekali

Arctic in Rapid Transition (ART) : science plan

The Arctic is undergoing rapid transformations that have brought the Arctic Ocean to the top of international political agendas. Predicting future conditions of the Arctic Ocean system requires scientific knowledge of its present status as well as a process-based understanding of the mechanisms of change. The Arctic in Rapid Transition (ART) initiative is an integrative, international, interdisciplinary pan-Arctic program to study changes and feedbacks among the physical and biogeochemical components of the Arctic Ocean and their ultimate impacts on biological productivity. The goal of ART is to develop priorities for Arctic marine science over the next decade. Three overarching questions form the basis of the ART science plan: (1) How were past transitions in sea ice connected to energy flows, elemental cycling, biological diversity and productivity, and how do these compare to present and projected shifts? (2) How will biogeochemical cycling respond to transitions in terrestrial, gateway and shelf-to-basin fluxes? (3) How do Arctic Ocean organisms and ecosystems respond to environmental transitions including temperature, stratification, ice conditions, and pH? The integrated approach developed to answer the ART key scientific questions comprises: (a) process studies and observations to reveal mechanisms, (b) the establishment of links to existing monitoring programs, (c) the evaluation of geological records to extend time-series, and (d) the improvement of our modeling capabilities of climate-induced transitions. In order to develop an implementation plan for the ART initiative, an international and interdisciplinary workshop is currently planned to take place in Winnipeg, Canada in October 2010

En stokastisk tre-faktor modell for fraktmarkedet innenfor bulk shipping

I denne oppgaven har vi koblet sammen en stokastisk modell av fraktmarkedet innenfor bulk shipping, med en fundamental modell av endring i tilbudskurven over tid. Problemet med tidligere stokastiske modeller har vært at de utelukker all informasjon som ikke er inkludert i historiske tidsserier for spot fraktrater. Dermed ignorerer man informasjon vedrørende tilbudssiden av markedet som trolig vil ha påvirkning på fraktratedynamikken videre. Gjennom å sette spot fraktrater ut i fra marginalkostnaden til det minst effektive skipet i flåten til enhver tid, har vi klart å inkludere endring av tilbudskurven i prosessen. Endring i skipene sin marginalkostnaden antas å være en funksjon av utviklingen i bunkerspris og effektivitetsøkningen til flåten over tid. Ved hjelp av modellen har vi undersøkt hvorvidt det lønner seg for skipsreder å investere i et skip som bruker mindre drivstoff, relativt til et annet skip med større drivstoffbehov. Det førstnevnte skipet innebærer en merinvestering. Vi finner at det er stor sannsynlighet for at det er lønnsomt å betale mer for et skip som bruker mindre drivstoff. Konklusjonen er imidlertid svært sensitiv for utviklingen i drivstoffprisene og farten skipet operer på

Polygyny or Misogyny? Reexamining the “First Law of Intergroup Conflict”

Kanazawa (2009) proposes a "first law of intergroup conflict," suggesting that polygyny and its impact on access to reproductive women provides "the ultimate cause" for civil war. This controversial claim is supported by an empirical analysis at odds with most existing studies of civil wars. We reconsider the influence of polygyny in a more conventional statistical model. We fail to find evidence that ethnic groups with polygyny engage more frequently in civil wars, although it is possible to find results indicating that civil wars may be more common in states with legal polygamy. We detail how these findings seem at odds with Kanazawa's theory and argue that misogyny seems a more plausible source of insights into the context for civil war and peace. We then show that civil wars are less common when women's rights are better established and that legal polygamy has no discernable residual effect once women's rights are considered. © 2011 Southern Political Science Association

What is ‘correct’ English pronunciation for Norwegians? – A study on L2 language choices and attitudes to English accents of pupils attending vocational studies in upper secondary school

Mastergradsoppgave i lektorutdanning, Høgskolen i Innlandet, 2021.English: With the rise of English as a global language and its importance for international communication, Norwegians are exposed to and interact with it on a daily basis. As a result of the high socio-economic level, many Norwegians travel frequently and use English as a lingua franca. As more people around the world learn English, questions about ‘correct’ standards of English pronunciation have been raised: Should native accents of English be the standard for L2 speakers, or is pronunciation influenced by their L1 sufficient for communication? This thesis investigates upper secondary vocational pupils in Norway: What English accent do they aim for and what are their attitudes to English accents? The main aim of the study is to extend our knowledge of pupils’ views regarding English pronunciation and the implications this has for ELT in Norway. Using semi-structured interviews in focus groups, 12 pupils were interviewed. The study found that the pupils had the most favourable attitudes to American English pronunciation. Moreover, most pupils preferred American English in their own Englishproduction, though many noted that their actual pronunciation was closer to a Norwegianaccented English variety. The pupils did not say that they aim for a different accent outside the classroom, but some noted that they do speak differently in certain situations. The pupils did not seem to have unfavourable attitudes towards British English accents in general, but some thought they were not appropriate for non-native speakers. Attitudes towards Norwegian-accented English were also mixed. Nearly all the pupils thought American English accents were the most appropriate for Norwegian speakers, while three pupils thought Norwegian-accented English was as appropriate as American English accents. Based on the findings of the present study, along with previous research, it is argued that they have implications for ELT in Norway and especially for the English subject curriculum: Due to the English subject curriculum’s openness to interpretation, it is not clear to pupils and teachers what the standards are for English pronunciation. More explicit competence aims regarding pronunciation could help remedy this issue.Norsk: Ettersom engelsk har blitt et globalt språk og er viktig for internasjonal kommunikasjon, blir nordmenn eksponert for og bruker språket på en daglig basis. Som resultat av det generelt høye sosioøkonomiske nivået reiser mange nordmenn ofte og bruker engelsk som et fellesspråk med andre som ikke har engelsk som morsmål. Etter hvert som flere lærer engelsk rundt om i verden har det blitt stilt spørsmål angående ‘korrekt’ standard for engelsk uttale: Burde innfødte engelske aksenter være standarden for de som lærer engelsk som andrespråk, eller er uttale som er påvirket av deres morsmål godt nok? Denne avhandlingen undersøker elever ved yrkesfaglige linjer på videregående skole i Norge: Hvilken engelsk aksent sikter de seg inn på og hva er deres holdninger til engelske aksenter? Hovedmålet med studiet er å utvide vår forståelse av elevers syn på engelsk uttale og hvilke implikasjoner dette har for læring av engelsk i Norge. Ved bruk av semistrukturerte intervjuer i fokusgrupper ble 12 elever intervjuet. Studien fant at elevene hadde mest positive holdninger til amerikansk engelsk uttale. Dessuten foretrakk flest elever amerikansk engelsk for deres egen uttale, selv om mange sa at deres faktiske uttale var nærmere en ‘norskifisert’ variant. Elevene sa at de ikke sikter seg inn på en annen aksent utenfor klasserommet, men noen sa at de snakker annerledes i noen situasjoner. Det virket ikke som elevene hadde negative holdninger til britisk-engelsk aksenter generelt sett, men noen syntes at de ikke er passende hvis man ikke har de som morsmål. Holdninger til ‘norskifisert’ engelsk uttale var også blandet. Nesten alle elevene mente at amerikansk-engelsk aksenter var mest passende for nordmenn; tre elever mente at ‘norskifisert’ engelsk uttale var like passende som amerikansk-engelsk aksenter. Denne avhandlingen argumenterer for at funnene i studien, sammensett med tidligere forskning, har implikasjoner for læring av engelsk i Norge og spesielt for læreplanen i engelsk: Som følge av at læreplanen i engelsk er så åpen for tolkning er det ikke tydelig for elever og lærere hva standarden for engelsk uttale er. Mer eksplisitte kompetansemål angående uttale kan bidra til å rette opp dette problemet

A Nonlinear Partial Differential Equation and Its Viscosity Solutions

We study a nonlinear partial differential equation with Lipschitz continuous coefficient functions. Existence and uniqueness of viscosity solutions is proved by approximating with minimizers of variational integrals. The solutions are shown to satisfy a corresponding minimization property. Stability of solutions with respect to small perturbations of the coefficient functions is discussed, and proved for C^2-solutions