Deutsch-Portugiesisch kontrastiv, grammatische ähnlichkeiten für den fremdsprachenunterricht : interkomprehension für brasilianische lerner des deutschen auf dem A1- und A2-niveau anhand einer kursbuchprogression

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Christian FandrychCoorientadora : Profª. Drª. Ruth BohunovskyTítulo traduzido : "Alemão-Português contrastivo, semelhanças gramaticais para o ensino de LE : intercompreensão para aprendizes brasileiros de alemão em nível A1 e A2 com base numa progressão proposta por um livro didáticoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras. Defesa: Curitiba, 29/09/2017Inclui referências : p. 126-129Resumo: A orientação para público-alvo e, assim, a adaptação contextual associada ao ensino têm rapidamente ganhado em importância nos últimos anos. Por esta razão, o presente trabalho elabora uma comparação de categorias gramaticais de português e de alemão para determinar semelhanças úteis para o ensino de línguas estrangeiras. Neste contexto, serão representados os fatores relevantes relacionados ao aluno, ao professor e à didática de intercompreensão que têm influência na implementação didática e metodológica das semelhanças identificadas. Com base nas considerações teóricas e na análise empírica, serão desenvolvidas conclusões para o contexto brasileiro quanto ao potencial de utilização dos resultados no ensino de línguas e para a formação de professores. Palavras-chave: Intercompreensão; Didática de Intercompreensão; Linguística Contrastiva Alemão-Português; Análise de Livro Didático; Orientação para Público-alvo; Formação de ProfessoresZusammenfassung: Lerner- bzw. Zielgruppenorientierung und die damit die einhergehende kontextuelle An passung des Unterrichts haben in den letzten Jahren rasant an Bedeutung gewonnen. Aus diesem Grund befasst sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit einem kontrastiven Vergleich grammatischer Kategorien des Portugiesischen und des Deutschen, um nützliche Ähnlich keiten für den Fremdsprachenunterricht festzustellen. In diesem Zusammenhang werden relevante Faktoren bezüglich des Lerners, Lehrers und der Interkomprehensionsdidaktik dargestellt, die bei der didaktisch-methodischen Umsetzung der ermittelten Ähnlichkeiten Einfluss nehmen. Anhand der theoretischen Überlegungen sowie der empirischen Analyse werden Rückschlüsse auf den brasilianischen Kontext, das Einsatzpotential der Ergebnisse und die Lehrerausbildung gezogen. Stichwörter: Interkomprehension; Interkomprehensionsdidaktik; Kontrastive Linguistik Deutsch-Portugiesisch; Lehrwerkanalyse; Zielgruppenorientiertung; Lehrerausbildun

Temporal fluctuations in seawater pCO<inf>2</inf> may be as important as mean differences when determining physiological sensitivity in natural systems

Most studies assessing the impactsofocean acidification (OA) onbenthic marine invertebrates have used stable mean pH/pCO2 levelsto highlight variation in the physiological sensitivities in a range of taxa. However, many marine environments experience natural fluctuations in carbonate chemistry, and to date little attempt has been made to understand the effect of naturally fluctuating seawater pCO2 (pCO2sw) on the physiological capacity of organisms to maintain acid-base homeostasis. Here, for the first time, we exposed two species of sea urchin with different acid-base tolerances, Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula, to naturally fluctuating pCO2sw conditions at shallow water CO2 seep systems (Vulcano, Italy) and assessed their acid-base responses. Both sea urchin species experienced fluctuations in extracellular coelomic fluid pH, pCO2, and [HCO-3] (pHe, pCO2e, and [HCO-3]e, respectively) in line with fluctuations in pCO2sw. The less tolerant species, P. lividus, had the greatest capacity for [HCO-3]e buffering in response to acute pCO2sw fluctuations, but it also experienced greater extracellular hypercapnia and acidification and was thus unabletofully compensate for acid-basedisturbances. Conversely, themore tolerant A.lixula reliedonnon-bicarbonate protein buffering and greater respiratory control. In the light of these findings, we discuss the possible energetic consequences of increased reliance on bicarbonate buffering activity in P. lividus compared with A. lixula and how these differing physiological responses to acute fluctuations in pCO2sw may be as important as chronic responses to mean changes in pCO2sw when considering how CO2 emissions will affect survival and success of marine organisms within naturally assembled systems

Native and exotic oysters in Brazil: comparative tolerance to hypercapnia

Environmental hypercapnia in shallow coastal marine ecosystems can be exacerbated by increasing levels of atmospheric CO2. In these ecosystems organisms are expected to become increasingly subjected to pCO2 levels several times higher than those inhabiting ocean waters (e.g.: 10,000 µatm), but still our current understanding on different species capacity to respond to such levels of hypercapnia is limited. Oysters are among the most important foundation species inhabiting these coastal ecosystems, although natural oyster banks are increasingly threatened worldwide. In the present study we studied the effects of hypercapnia on two important oyster species, the pacific oyster C. gigas and the mangrove oyster C. brasiliana, to bring new insights on different species response mechanisms towards three hypercapnic levels (ca. 1,000; 4,000; 10,000 µatm), by study of a set of biomarkers related to metabolic potential (electron transport system - ETS), antioxidant capacity (SOD, CAT, GSH), cellular damage (LPO) and energetic fitness (GLY), in two life stages (juvenile and adult) after 28 days of exposure. Results showed marked differences between each species tolerance capacity to hypercapnia, with contrasting metabolic readjustment strategies (ETS), different antioxidant response capacities (SOD, CAT, GSH), which generally allowed to prevent increased cellular damage (LPO) and energetic impairment (GLY) in both species. Juveniles were more responsive to hypercapnia stress in both congeners, and are likely to be most sensitive to extreme hypercapnia in the environment. Juvenile C. gigas presented more pronounced biochemical alterations at intermediate hypercapnia (4,000 µatm) than C. brasiliana. Adult C. gigas showed biochemical alterations mostly in response to high hypercapnia (10,000 µatm), while adult C. brasiliana were less responsive to this environmental stressor, despite presenting decreased metabolic potential. Our data bring new insights on the biochemical performance of two important oyster species, and suggest that the duration of extreme hypercapnia events in the ecosystem may pose increased challenges for these organisms as their tolerance capacity may be time limited.publishe

Intracellular Trafficking of Guanylate-Binding Proteins Is Regulated by Heterodimerization in a Hierarchical Manner

Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) belong to the dynamin family of large GTPases and represent the major IFN-γ-induced proteins. Here we systematically investigated the mechanisms regulating the subcellular localization of GBPs. Three GBPs (GBP-1, GBP-2 and GBP-5) carry a C-terminal CaaX-prenylation signal, which is typical for small GTPases of the Ras family, and increases the membrane affinity of proteins. In this study, we demonstrated that GBP-1, GBP-2 and GBP-5 are prenylated in vivo and that prenylation is required for the membrane association of GBP-1, GBP-2 and GBP-5. Using co-immunoprecipitation, yeast-two-hybrid analysis and fluorescence complementation assays, we showed for the first time that GBPs are able to homodimerize in vivo and that the membrane association of GBPs is regulated by dimerization similarly to dynamin. Interestingly, GBPs could also heterodimerize. This resulted in hierarchical positioning effects on the intracellular localization of the proteins. Specifically, GBP-1 recruited GBP-5 and GBP-2 into its own cellular compartment and GBP-5 repositioned GBP-2. In addition, GBP-1, GBP-2 and GBP-5 were able to redirect non-prenylated GBPs to their compartment in a prenylation-dependent manner. Overall, these findings prove in vivo the ability of GBPs to dimerize, indicate that heterodimerization regulates sub-cellular localization of GBPs and underscore putative membrane-associated functions of this family of proteins

Ocean acidification induces multi-generational decline in copepod naupliar production with possible conflict for reproductive resource allocation

Climate change, including ocean acidification (OA), presents fundamental challenges to marine biodiversity and sustained ecosystem health. We determined reproductive response (measured as naupliar production), cuticle composition and stage specific growth of the copepod Tisbe battagliai over three generations at four pH conditions (pH 7.67, 7.82, 7.95, and 8.06). Naupliar production increased significantly at pH 7.95 compared with pH 8.06 followed by a decline at pH 7.82. Naupliar production at pH 7.67 was higher than pH 7.82. We attribute the increase at pH 7.95 to an initial stress response which was succeeded by a hormesis-like response at pH 7.67. A multi-generational modelling approach predicted a gradual decline in naupliar production over the next 100 years (equivalent to approximately 2430 generations). There was a significant growth reduction (mean length integrated across developmental stage) relative to controls. There was a significant increase in the proportion of carbon relative to oxygen within the cuticle as seawater pH decreased. Changes in growth, cuticle composition and naupliar production strongly suggest that copepods subjected to OA-induced stress preferentially reallocate resources towards maintaining reproductive output at the expense of somatic growth and cuticle composition. These responses may drive shifts in life history strategies that favour smaller brood sizes, females and perhaps later maturing females, with the potential to profoundly destabilise marine trophodynamics

Modulation of the cost of pHi regulation during metabolic depression: a 31P-NMR study in invertebrate (Sipunculus nudus) isolated muscle

Extracellular acidosis has been demonstrated to play a key role in the process of metabolic depression under long-term environmental stress, exemplified in the marine invertebrate Sipunculus nudus. These findings led to the hypothesis that acid-base regulation is associated with a visible cost depending on the rate and mode of H+-equivalent ion exchange. To test this hypothesis, the effects of different ion-transport inhibitors on the rate of pH recovery during hypercapnia, on energy turnover and on steady-state acid-base variables were studied in isolated body wall musculature of the marine worm Sipunculus nudus under control conditions (pHe 7.90) and during steady-state extracellular acidosis (pHe 7.50 or 7.20) by in vivo 31P-NMR and oxygen consumption analyses. During acute hypercapnia (2 % CO2), recovery of pHi was delayed at pHe 7.5 compared with pHe 7.9. Inhibition of the Na+/H+-exchanger by 5-(N,N-dimethyl)-amiloride (DMA) at pHe 7.5 delayed recovery even further. This effect was much smaller at pHe 7.9. Inhibition of anion exchange by the addition of the transport inhibitor 4,4Ž-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2Ž-disulphonic acid (DIDS) prevented pH recovery at pHe 7.5 and delayed recovery at pHe 7.9, in accordance with an effect on Na+-dependent Cl-/HCO3- exchange. The effects of ouabain, DIDS and DMA on metabolic rate were reduced at low pHe, thereby supporting the conclusion that acidosis caused the ATP demand of Na+/K+-ATPase to fall. This reduction occurred via an inhibiting effect on both Na+/H+- and Na+-dependent Cl-/HCO3- (i.e. Na+/H+/Cl-/HCO3-) exchange in accordance with a reduction in the ATP demand for acid-base regulation during metabolic depression. Considering the ATP stoichiometries of the two exchangers, metabolic depression may be supported by the predominant use of Na+/H+/Cl-/HCO3- exchange under conditions of extracellular acidosis