An approach to the association between gastrointestinal hormones and dry matter intake in ruminants

Las hormonas gastrointestinales están relacionadas con el consumo de alimento. A pesar de que el mecanismo de acción de muchas de estas hormonas en animales no rumiantes es relativamente entendido, en rumiantes su función es aún poco comprendida y muchas veces contradictoria. Por ello, en este ensayo se discute la relación de la insulina, ghrelina, colecistoquinina (CCK), péptido tirosina tirosina (PYY) y los péptidos que derivan del gen del proglucagon (oxintomodulina, glicentina y péptidos similares al glucagón 1 y 2 (GLP-1 y GLP-2)) con el consumo de alimento en rumiantes. Estas hormonas también tienen una función en la regulación del metabolismo energético, lo cual se discutirá en otro ensayo. Las evidencias sugieren que en rumiantes, insulina, CCK y el GLP-1 disminuyen el consumo, mientras que ghrelina lo aumenta. La función de oxintomodulina, GLP-2 y PYY se conoce poco en rumiantes.Gastrointestinal hormones are related to feed intake. Despite the fact that the mechanisms of action of many of these hormones in non–ruminant animals is relatively well known, in ruminants their function is still not understood, and results reported in the literature are often contradictory. For this reason, this essay discusses how insulin, ghrelin, colecistokinin (CCK), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and peptides derived from the proglucagon gen (oxyntomodlin, glicentin and glucagon–like peptides 1 and 2 (GLP–1 and GLP–2)) are related to dry matter intake (DMI) in ruminants. These hormones also have a function in the regulation of metabolism, which will be discussed in another essay. The evidence suggests that in ruminants, insulin, CCK and GLP–1 reduce DMI, while ghrelin increases DMI. The function of oxyntomodulin, GLP–2 and PYY is little known in ruminants.Fil: Relling, Alejandro Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Pinos Rodríguez, J. Manuel. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas; MéxicoFil: Mattioli, Guillermo Alberto. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentin

Intravenous glucagon like peptide-1 infusion does not affect dry matter intake or hypothalamic mRNA expression of neuropeptide Y, agouti related peptide and proopiomelanocortin in wethers

The objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of jugular vein infusions of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and dietary fat inclusion on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and hypothalamic mRNA concentration of neuropeptide Y, agouti related peptide, and proopiomelanocortin in growing sheep. Thirty-six wethers were used (40.793.3 kg BW). Treatments were a control diet (n=11), dietary addition (6% of dry matter) of Ca salts of palm oil fatty acids (n=12), or 6-d jugular vein infusions of 0.155 μg/kg body weight/day of GLP-1 21 (n = 11). Hormone concentrations were measured in jugular vein plasma from samples taken on days 1, 4 and 6. On day 7, the wethers were slaughtered for ypothalamus collection to measure mRNA concentration. The dietary addition of 6% of Ca salts of palm oil increased plasma GLP-1 concentration (PB0.01) and decreased dry matter intake on day 1, but not on day 6 (time x treatment interaction, PB0.05). The infusion of GLP-1 did not change dry matter intake (P>0.20), but increasedneutral detergent fibre digestibility (PB0.01). In conclusion, glucagon like peptide-1 infusion or feeding fat did not decrease dry matter intake or affect hypothalamic neuropeptide mRNA concentrations of sheep

Development of a low-dissipation solver for large eddy simulation based on OpenFOAM®

Det er en absolutt nødvendighet ̊a ha nøyaktige resultater innenfor numeriskfluidmekanikk(CFD). Dette har vært en utfordring helt siden industrien toknytte av dette verktøyet p ̊a 60-tallet. P ̊a grunn av de komplekse og krevendekalkulasjonene, fikk CFD en oppsving p ̊a 90-tallet i lag med prosessorenesom stadig kunne takle flere kalkulasjoner per sekund. Industrien kunnedermed redusere antall eksperiment og potensiale ligger i ̊a videreføre denneutviklingen.For ̊a kunne videreføre denne trenden, er det to ting som st ̊ar sentralt.Den første er at det trengs kunnskap om CFD og teorien bak, alts ̊a i hovedsakfluidmekanikk og numerikk. Derfor er teorien brukt i denne masteroppgavenpresentert. I tillegg er to sentrale numeriske metoder presentert. En kortoppsummering av stegene til ”pisoFoam” er ogs ̊a inkludert. Dette er enstandard ”solver” i OpenFOAM®, alts ̊a en algoritme laget for ̊a løse NavierStokes ligningene. Det har blitt gjennomført flere tester av denne algoritmenfor ̊a danne et sammenligningsgrunnlag.Det andre er at nøyaktige algoritmer burde være lettere tilgjengelig,slik at resultatene er mer reelle og troverdige. Rekonstruering av en algor-time fra artikkelen: ”On the implementation of low-dissipative RungeKuttaprojection methods for time dependent flows using OpenFOAM®” er derforgjennomført i denne oppgaven. Dette er en eksplisitt algortime, med Runge-Kutta metoden som tidsintegrasjon. Prosedyren og koden for ̊a gjøre detteer presentert i denne masteren, sammen med en verifisering der den blirsammenlignet med tidligere resultater og ”pisoFoam”. I ”lid driven cavity”viste den samme resultater som tidligere arbeid og ”pisoFoam”. En un-dersøkelse av bevaring av energi ble testet i ”Taylor Green Vortex”. I denneoppgaven ble viskositeten satt til null, derfor burde det ikke være noe tap avenergi. Den nye algortimen bevarte betydelig mer energi enn ”pisoFoam”,som bekrefter en mer nøyaktig algoritme. I ”temporal mixing layer” klarte den nye algoritmen blant annet ̊a følge den anerkjente 5/3-loven og haddekjente turbulente strukturer, som viser at den ogs ̊a kan simulere turbulentestrømningerA necessity in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is to provide accurateresults at a reasonable cost. This has been a challenge since the industrystarted utilizing the engineering tool in 1960’s [1]. Due to its complexity, itrequires strong computational power. Therefore, it gained popularity alongwith the growth of computer power during the 90’s and until today. TheIndustry started to take advantage of this tool, replacing expensive experi-ments and facilities, and the potential is to keep extending this trend.In order to make that happen, two main things are needed. First abroader knowledge of CFD and the concepts behind it are essential. There-fore, this thesis covers some of the fundamental theory of numerics and fluidmechanics, including a brief study of the OpenFOAM®solver ”pisoFoam”,which is an iterative transient incompressible solver based on the SIMPLE-algorithm. The application of it is tested in several cases.Secondly, more low-dissipative methods need to become more commonlyavailable, providing accurate and beneficial results. The theory presented isused to reconstruct the solver in the article: ”On the implementation of low-dissipative RungeKutta projection methods for time dependent flows usingOpenFOAM®” and implementing it into OpenFOAM®[2].This is a solverwith the projection method, and Runge-Kutta method in time. The proce-dure is presented in this thesis. Verification and a comparison between theresults from the article showed that the ”pisoFoam” solver and the resultsfrom the newly constructed solver were a close match in the lid driven cav-ity, and therefore strengthens the credibility of the newly constructed solver.Also, a numerical dissipation of energy test was conducted, confirming thatthe Runge-Kutta projection method had significantly less numerical dissi-pation. In the temporal mixing layer case, the projection method was ableto capture the energy characteristics, such as the 5/3 law, vortex structures,confirming it models the turbulence well

Nomenclature for alleles of the thiopurine methyltransferase gene

The drug-metabolizing enzyme thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) has become one of the best examples of pharmacogenomics to be translated into routine clinical practice. TPMT metabolizes the thiopurines 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, and azathioprine, drugs that are widely used for treatment of acute leukemias, inflammatory bowel diseases, and other disorders of immune regulation. Since the discovery of genetic polymorphisms in the TPMT gene, many sequence variants that cause a decreased enzyme activity have been identified and characterized. Increasingly, to optimize dose, pretreatment determination of TPMT status before commencing thiopurine therapy is now routine in many countries. Novel TPMT sequence variants are currently numbered sequentially using PubMed as a source of information; however, this has caused some problems as exemplified by two instances in which authors' articles appeared on PubMed at the same time, resulting in the same allele numbers given to different polymorphisms. Hence, there is an urgent need to establish an order and consensus to the numbering of known and novel TPMT sequence variants. To address this problem, a TPMT nomenclature committee was formed in 2010, to define the nomenclature and numbering of novel variants for the TPMT gene. A website (http://www.imh.liu.se/tpmtalleles) serves as a platform for this work. Researchers are encouraged to submit novel TPMT alleles to the committee for designation and reservation of unique allele numbers. The committee has decided to renumber two alleles: nucleotide position 106 (G>A) from TPMT*24 to TPMT*30 and position 611 (T>C, rs79901429) from TPMT*28 to TPMT*31. Nomenclature for all other known alleles remains unchanged

A Chopper Offset-Stabilized Operational Amplifier in 22nm FD- SOI

En chopper offset-stabilisert forsterker har blitt designet. Designet har blitt analysert ved bruk av Monte Carlo simuleringer pa skjema-niva med påførte mismatch og prosessvariasjoner. En 22nm transistor teknologi har blitt brukt, men IO-transistorene som er tilgjengelig i den aktuelle teknologien har blitt brukt for å være kompatibel med en 1.8V forsyningsspenning. Designet er i stand til å opprettholde en offset-spenning un- der 130μV på et 4 sigma nivå, for temperaturer mellom −40 ◦C og 85 ◦C. Chopping frekvensen er 2 MHz og et tidskontinuerlig filter er brukt for a ̊ redusere rippelet. Flicker støy blir redusert og blir sammen med offset, mikset opp til en rippel spenning rundt chop- ping frekvensen. Utgangsstøyen holder seg under 323 μV for alle simulerte forhold og temperaturer. Gain-Bandwidth produktet er over 1 MHz og DC-gainet er over 100 dB for alle simulerte forhold. Alle kondensatorer som er brukt i designet oppfører seg ideelt. Designet inneholder et inngangstrinn og utgangstrinn som kan operere fra rail til rail. Inngangstrinnet er bygd opp rundt komplementære differensielle par og utligning av transkonduktansen er gjort ved hjelp av en strøm-bryter. Et klasse-AB utgangstrinn har blitt designet for å være i stand til å levere en strøm på opp til 10 mA. Med en 10 mA last, er utgangsspenningen i stand til å svinge opp til 1.55 V og ned til 0.210 V med en forsyn- ingsspenning på 1.8 V.A chopper offset-stabilized amplifier has been designed. The design has been analyzed using Monte Carlo simulations with mismatch and process variations enabled on typical transistor models on a schematic netlist. A 22nm transistor technology has been used but the IO transistors available in the 22nm technology are used all over to be able to operate at a supply voltage of 1.8 V. The design is able to maintain an offset voltage below 130 μV at a 4 sigma level, for temperatures between −40 ◦C and 85 ◦C. The chopping frequency is 2 MHz and a continuous-time approach has been used for ripple-reduction. Flicker noise is reduced and is together with the offset voltage translated into a ripple voltage at the chopping frequency. The output noise is kept below 323 μV for all conditions and temperatures. The Gain-Bandwidth product is above 1 MHz and the DC-gain is above 100 dB for all conditions. All capacitors used, have been kept on an ideal level. The design features a rail-to-rail input and output stage. The input stage is implemented using complementary differential pairs and gm-equalization is implemented with a current switch. A class-AB output stage has been designed to be able to deliver currents up to 10 mA. With a 10 mA load current, the output is able to swing up to 1.55 V and down to 0.210 V with a supply voltage of 1.8 V

Doctor of Pharmacy

dissertationAminoglycosides are often used to treat severe gram-negative infections. It is desirable to achieve adequate peak concentrations for successful eradication of the infection, while minimizing the trough concentration, in order to decrease the amount of drug presented to the renal proximal tubule and thus theorectically decrease the risk of nephrotoxicity. For these reasons, serum aminoglycoside concentrations are monitored. Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are frequently hospitalized for treatment of pseudomonal pulmonary infections. CF patients have been shown to have altered pharmacokinetic characteristics in handling genamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin. More specifically, they generally have an increased volume of distribution (Vd) and an increased total body clearance. The mechanism responsible for these altered pharmacokinetic characteristics is not clear. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether there was a difference in the predictive utility of the two methods in CF patient. A secondary objective was to determine if either method more frequently resulted in predicted or actual trough serum tobramycin concentrations of greater than 2.0 mg/l

EBSP Indexer - Using and open-source dictionary indexing software for phase differentiation

Denne oppgaven presenterer utviklingen av en gratis programvare for analyse av tilbakespredte elektron diffraksjonsmønster (EBSD) kalt EBSP Indexer. Prosjektet er resultatet av et felles utviklingsarbeid av et team på tre studenter, E. Østvold, O. Leth-Olsen og H. Relling, som en del av deres masteroppgaver. Denne oppgaven dekker forfatterens hovedbidrag til versjon 0.1.0 som ble distribuert for nedlastning i mai 2023. Programvaren er skrevet i Python og bruker PySide6-biblioteket for å bygge brukergrensesnittet og kikuchipy-biblioteket for EBSD-analysefunksjonaliteten. Prosjektet er åpen kildekode, og fullstendig kildekode og dokumentasjon er gjort tilgjengelig på GitHub, med mål om å legge til rette for fremtidig utvikling av programvaren av interesserte parter. Denne oppgaven fokuserer hovedsakelig på implementeringen av indiseringsmetoden Dictionary Indexing (DI), en indiseringsmetode som baserer seg på bruken av et bibliotek med simulerte diffraksjonsmønser for å bestemme kornorientering og fase. I tillegg presenteres implementeringen av verktøy for å velge ut et mindre område av et EBSD skann samt et verktøy for interaktiv undersøkelse av EBSD-datasett både før og etter indisering. Som en del av utviklingsprosessen har det i tillegg blitt utarbeidet en omfattende brukermanual som kan lastes ned sammen med programvaren. DI-implementeringen blir testet på en Al-10wt%Si-prøve og viser hvordan DI kan brukes til fasedifferensiering av to lignende krystallstrukturer, noe som konvensjonell Hough-indeksering (HI) har problemer med. Den samme DI-implementeringen blir også brukt for fasedifferensiering i en super-duplex rustfritt stål (SDSS)-prøve med sigma- og chi-presipitater, og viser hvordan modulen fungerer godt med flere faser. Til slutt presenteres en metode for å finne projeksjonssenteret (PC) fra arbeidsavstanden (WD) for et spesifikt SEM/EBSD-detektoroppsett. Metoden baserer seg på det observerte lineære forholdet mellom PC-koordinatene og WD, og en kalibreringslinje kan deretter beregnes for alle tre PC-koordinater (pc_x, pc_y, pc_z) ved interpolasjon mellom to PC-koordinater bestemt ved to arbeidsavstander. Det vises at PC-koordinatene gitt ved mellomliggende arbeidsavstander er relativt nøyaktige og i mange tilfeller kan brukes direkte for indisering. Denne metoden er implementert som et eget kalibreringsverktøy i EBSP Indexer.This work presents the development of a free software for analysing electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) patterns called EBSP Indexer. The project is the result of a joint developing effort by a team of three students, E. Østvold, O. Leth-Olsen and H. Relling, as part of their master theses, and this thesis covers the author's main contributions to version 0.1.0 distributed for download in May 2023. The software is written in Python, using the PySide6 library for building the user interface and the kikuchipy- library for the EBSD analysis functionality. The project is open-source, and the complete source code and documentation have been made available on GitHub, with the goal of facilitating for future development of the software by interested parties. This thesis focuses mainly on the implementation of the EBSD indexing approach Dictionary Indexing (DI), an indexing method that uses a dictionary of simulated patterns to determine the phase and orientation. Additionally, the implementation of tools for both cropping recorded datasets, as well as interactive investigation of EBSD datasets and the indexed results, is covered. As part of the development process, a comprehensive user guide has also been made available for download together with the software. The DI implementation is tested for indexing of an Al-10wt%Si sample, demonstrating how DI can be used for phase differentiation of two similar crystal structures, something conventional Hough indexing (HI) has been found to struggle with. The same DI implementation was also used for phase differentiation in a Super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) with Sigma- and Chi-precipitates, to demonstrate how the module scales well with several phases. Finally, an approach for finding the pattern center (PC) from the working distance (WD) for a specific SEM/EBSD detector configuration is presented. The method relies on the observed linear relationship between the PC coordinates and the WD, a calibration line can then be calculated for all three PC coordinates (pc_x, pc_y, pc_z) by interpolation between two PCs determined at two reasonably spaced working distances. It is shown that the method provides reasonable values for the PC coordinate at intermediate WDs, and the value provided from the calibration line can in many situations be used directly for indexing. This method is implemented as a calibration tool in EBSP Indexer

Efecto del propionato de calcio en la fermentación in vitro de dietas a base de sorgo

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of calcium propionate (CaPr) on in vitro ruminal fermentation using a factorial arrangement 2 x 2 evaluating CaPr (0 vs. 1%) and grain level (55 vs. 65%). There was a CaPr x Grain interaction in the volume of gas produced (V; p = 0.04). Addition of CaPr prolonged Lag time (1.4 vs. 1.04 h; P<0.01), and increasing the grain level also prolonged Lag time (1.56 vs. 0.89 h; p < 0.03) and gas production rate (0.046 vs. 0.041 h-1; P<0.04). However, there were no differences in CH4, CO2, acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations. Therefore, the addition of calcium propionate in a diet with 55 or 66% of grain increased Lag phase but it is not affected fermentation pattern or methane losses.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar in vitro el efecto de la adición de propionato de Ca (PrCa). El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con un arreglo factorial 2x2; PrCa (0 o 1%) y grano (55 o 65%). Se encontró diferencias (p>0,05) entre tratamientos para volumen de gas, pero la tasa de producción de gas no fue diferente (p<0,05), se observó un efecto por parte del grano (p<0,04). La adición de PrCa prolongó el tiempo Lag (1,4 vs. 1.04 h; P<0,01) y aumentando el nivel de grano también prolongó la fase Lag (1,56 vs. 0,89 h; P<0,03) y la tasa de producción de gas (0,046 vs. 0,041 h-1; P <0,04). Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias en la concentración de CH4 y CO2, ni de propionato, acetato y butirato. La adición de propionato de calcio a una dieta con 55 o 65% de grano prolonga la fase Lag pero no afecta el patrón de fermentación o las pérdidas de metano.Fil: Miranda, Luis Alberto. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (México)Fil: Lee-Rangel, Héctor Aarón. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Facultad de AgronomíaFil: Mendoza-Martínez, Germán David.Fil: Crosby-Galván, María Magdalena. Colegio de Postgraduados. Campus Montecillo (México)Fil: Relling, Alejandro Enrique. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias VeterinariasFil: Pinos-Rodríguez, Juan Manuel. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Facultad de AgronomíaFil: Rojo Rubio, Rolando . Universidad Autónoma del Estado de MéxicoFil: González Hernandez, Milagros. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Facultad de Agronomí

A socio-technical perspective on the future Vessel Traffic Services

Autonomy is expected to cause significant changes to the Maritime Traffic System (MTS). The Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) is a control system in the MTS and will be affected by new interactions caused by autonomy. The paper proposes a proactive approach in discussing the future VTS. The paper renders the historical development of socio-technical systems theory and argues for systemic evaluation of internal and external consequences of changes in the design of the future VTS. A democratic process to involve people from the various levels of the VTS organisation with different competencies is suggested. To evaluate the consequences of change, a systemic internal and external approach is suggested. For discussing internal consequences, a levelled socio-technical systems model is adapted and applied. External consequences are suggested to be discussed by applying design principles of system-of-systems to understand the interplay between VTS and the MTS