Spatially hybrid computations for streamer discharges: II. Fully 3D simulations

We recently have presented first physical predictions of a spatially hybrid model that follows the evolution of a negative streamer discharge in full three spatial dimensions; our spatially hybrid model couples a particle model in the high field region ahead of the streamer with a fluid model in the streamer interior where electron densities are high and fields are low. Therefore the model is computationally efficient, while it also follows the dynamics of single electrons including their possible run-away. Here we describe the technical details of our computations, and present the next step in a systematic development of the simulation code. First, new sets of transport coefficients and reaction rates are obtained from particle swarm simulations in air, nitrogen, oxygen and argon. These coefficients are implemented in an extended fluid model to make the fluid approximation as consistent as possible with the particle model, and to avoid discontinuities at the interface between fluid and particle regions. Then two splitting methods are introduced and compared for the location and motion of the fluid-particle-interface in three spatial dimensions. Finally, we present first results of the 3D spatially hybrid model for a negative streamer in air

Qualitative scenario analysis of development of energy storage systems in Russia until 2035

Abstract A stationary energy storage boom is forecast for the next two decades, according to a report by the US consulting firm Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF). BNEF analysts believe that energy storage around the world will grow exponentially, from a modest 9 GW / 17 GWh commissioned by 2018 to 1,095 GW / 2,850 GWh by 2040. Experts call the ongoing global changes a “contributory revolution”. The development of energy storage systems is related to trends in the energy sector, energy costs, political and environmental conditions in the world. Moreover, energy storage technologies can face both general and specific risks. The authors of the article took into account possible risks and carried out a qualitative scenario analysis of the development of energy storage systems in Russia in the future until 2035. The authors used a probability scale to avoid cognitive biases in the scenario assessment. The most likely scenario for the development of ESS today we consider the basic.</jats:p

OVERVIEW OF ELECTROMECHANICAL AND OTHER METHODS OF ENERGY CONVERSION FOR EFFICIENT USE OF RESOURCES

This article examines current trends in energy storage systems and their impact on social sphere, as well as the prospects for the development of energy storage systems until 2035. The purpose of this work is to analyze the existing energy storage technologies and the problems they solve in the world and in Russia. To do this, the authors of the article analyzed a database of 467 energy storage projects from the Sandia National Laboratory (DOE Global Energy Storage Database). Conducted research allowed us to assess the technology readiness level for main energy storage types. The political, socio-cultural, economic, legal, technological, environmental risks of the development of energy storage systems until 2035 have been determined.</jats:p