Livelihoods after land reform in South Africa

Over the past few decades, Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa have pursued redistributive land reform as a means to address rural poverty. The Livelihoods after Land Reform (LaLR) study was carried out between 2007 and 2009, to understand the livelihood and poverty reduction outcomes of land reform in each of the three countries. The South African component focused on Limpopo province, and investigated land reform processes, trajectories of change and outcomes in thirteen detailed case studies. This paper summarizes some of the main findings from the South African study, and briefly compares them with findings from Namibia and Zimbabwe. The paper argues that a fundamental problem affecting land reform in both South Africa and Namibia is the uncritical application of the Large-Scale Commercial Farming (LSCF) model, which has led to unworkable project design and/or projects that are irrelevant to the circumstances of the rural poor. Nevertheless, some ‘beneficiaries’ have experienced modest improvements in their livelihoods, often through abandoning or amending official project plans.Web of Scienc

United Restitution Organization (New York Office) Collection 1950-1988

This collection contains records of the New York office of the United Restitution Organization (URO). Materials include newsletters, reports, copies of laws concerning restitution, notes on the interpretation of these laws, limited correspondence, and a few clippings. While the collection spans the period from 1950 to 1988, there are significant gaps in the records.See inventoryThe United Restitution Organization (URO) was established in 1948 as a legal aid service to assist victims of Nazi persecution living outside Germany in making restitution and indemnification claims against Germany and Austria. The URO has served over 250,000 clients. At its most expansive, the URO maintained 29 offices in 15 countries around the world.This collection was previously part of a larger collection of materials donated by the New York office of the URO, AR 25088. This larger collection contains extensive case files and therefore is not openly available to the general public.Processeddigitize

[Moebelaktion Frankreich, Belgien, Holland, Luxemburg; 1940-1944] 1940-1958

Collection of photocopied and transcribed documents and correspondence outlining the confiscation of Jewish belongings between 1940 and 1944 in France, Belgium, Holland, and Luxemburg (Möbel-Aktion), compiled by the United Restitution Organization.These documents are part of the Wiener Library Archives Microfilm # 544, LBI Archives call number AR 7187.See also United Restitution Organization (URO) Collection (AR 505

Jewish Restitution Successor Organization Collection 1948 - 1973 Bulk dates: 1950 - 1959

This collection contains documents concerning restitution cases for individuals from North Rhine Westfalia and Bavaria and indemnification claims for destroyed synagogues in Hessen, Germany. Memoranda among JRSO and its member institutions, as well as financial reports, can be found in this collection.Restitution claims for individuals and communities include those of Altenstadt, Himbach, Muehlheim/Ruhr and Schotten.Jewish Restitution Successor Organization Collection, LBI-NY/MF 271; originals on deposit at JRSO.The Jewish Restitution Successor Organization (JRSO) was incorporated in 1947 and “aided in the relief, rehabilitation and resettlement of Jewish victims of Nazi persecution” (Report, pg 4.). JRSO comprised the following organizations: Agudas Israel World Organization, American Jewish Committee, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, Anglo-Jewish Association, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Sueddeutschen Landesverbaende Juedischer Gemeinden, Board of Deputies of British Jews, The Central British Fund for Jewish Relief and Rehabilitation, Conseil Représentatif des Juifs de France, The Council of Jews from Germany, The Jewish Agency for Israel, Jewish Cultural Reconstruction Corporation and World Jewish Congress.Some of JRSO’s activities included the recovery of heirless property, monetary claims filed against the German government, pensions and hardship funds, restitution of communal property, indemnification claims for destroyed synagogues and communal property, recovery of cultural objects, maintenance of abandoned cemeteries and legal aide. Funds obtained from restitution and indemnity claims were allocated to other service organizations: Jewish Agency for Israel (JAFI), American Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) and Council of Jews from Germany.Saul Kagan & Ernst Weissmann, Report on the operation of the Jewish Restitution Successor Organization (1947-1972), New York, 1973.Processeddigitize

Timid steps in the Belgian legal framework for restitution

Restitution of cultural goods has been a preoccupation on the international scene for quite some time. Several international conventions have been adopted since the end of the Second World War, albeit with limited application for most of them. One of the main weaknesses of this also fragmented international framework lies in the fact that the Conventions are non-retroactive. Therefore, cases concerning the restitution of objects stolen or illegally exported during the colonial times risk limited success. Belgium has ratified most of the international Conventions, although not implemented all of them, such as the 1970 UNESCO Convention. European legislation also applies in Belgium, even though the European Directive EU 2014/60 on the return of cultural objects unlawfully removed from the territory of a Member State is limited to claims between Member States. In 2004, Belgium has, quite interestingly, adopted a favorable rule for applying the law of the State of origin in the specific case of stolen cultural goods, even though it concerns, again, only cases after the entry into force of this Article 90 of the Code of Private International Law, i.e. the 1st of July 2004. Notwithstanding these difficulties surrounding the non-retroactivity of the legal framework, restitution claims are formulated and may follow two paths. The first one is the judicial restitution, when a request is filed by the original owner for the recovery of his or her cultural good or when a criminal action is pursued for theft and/or concealment. Few cases have been granted restitution in Belgium, but recent case law shows a certain willingness of the judge to take foreign public law into consideration when examining the ownership question. Yet, some obstacles remain, especially for colonial collections: proof of the illicit character of the actual ownership, inalienability of public collections, cost and duration of a judicial procedure, divergences in applicable law, black/white solutions and, of course, the risk that the claim is time-barred. The second path seeks to explore alternative ways of restitution such as Marie Cornu and Marc-André Renold analyzed in 2009 already, being twofold: unilateral (legislation, administrative decision) or bilateral (negotiation, mediation, conciliation, arbitration) restitutions. This second approach also allows for a nuanced and gradual approach, enhancing chances of effective restitution. The restitution context has however recently evolved, both internationally as in Belgium. In international law, rights of communities or other groups to their cultural heritage are progressively being recognized, opening the way to non-State restitutions. Furthermore, the institutional context has widened, accepting alternative ways of restitutions and holding debates in new locations. In Belgium, public debate has emerged with the recent reopening of the AfricaMuseum and with the media attention around colonial human remains. These last months, several resolutions have been adopted in federal Parliaments calling for dialogue and for the implementation of an expert group focusing on a framework for restitution

THE GEOGRAPHICAL IMPRINT OF LAND RESTITUTION WITH REFERENCE TO LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA

This paper analyses the geographical imprint of land restitution against earlier views that land reform in South Africa will result in the enlargement of former bantustans (homelands), and that it will give black people marginal land. Those views, and their underlying assumptions not only suggest that it would be difficult to dismantle apartheid geography, but also imply that land reform has the potential to reinforce that geography. This begs the question of the manner in which South Africa's land reform programme might contribute to the consolidation of the spatial legacy of apartheid. In this paper Limpopo Province is referred to to conclude that the government's approach to land restitution, together with the pattern and resolution of land claims, largely account for the emerging spatial consolidation of the geography of the former bantustans. It also demonstrates that the resolution of land claims has moved from 'a case-by-case' to 'a policy-oriented' approach between 1994 and 2004. Copyright (c) 2007 by the Royal Dutch Geographical Society KNAG.

Les HAPs entravent le transport du phosphore par un champignon mycorhizien à arbuscules

Etude du développement du CMA et sa capacité à transporter le phosphore jusqu'aux racines en présence des HAPs

Formation aux magistrats, « Droit de l’environnement » (ADM-2064), « Mesures de restitution et de réparation »

Formation aux magistrats, « Droit de l’environnement » (ADM-2064), « Mesures de restitution et de réparation

Etude in vitro de l’impact d’un mélange d’HAPs sur le développement d’un champignon mycorhizien à arbuscules

Etude de l’impact d’un mélange d’HAPs, le benzo[a]pyrène et l’anthracène, sur les principales étapes de développement de Glomus irregularae cultivé en conditions monxéniques