Beyond categorization: new directions for theory development about entrepreneurial internationalization

Categorizations emphasizing the earliness of internationalization have long been a cornerstone of international entrepreneurship research. Here we contend that the prominence of categories has not been commensurate with theory development associated with them. We draw on categorization theory to explain why earliness-based categories are persistent, and argue that a greater focus on notions related to opportunity can open new avenues of research about the entrepreneurial internationalization of business. We propose and discuss three directions for opportunity-based research on entrepreneurial internationalization, involving context, dynamics and variety

Understanding eINVs through the lens of prior research in entrepreneurship, international business and international entrepreneurship

In this chapter we examine the growing phenomenon of internet-based international new ventures, which we label “eINVS,” through the lens of previous research in the fields of entre- preneurship, international business and international entrepreneurship. Our purpose is to iden- tify where these existing bodies of research help us to understand eINVs, and where there are gaps that constitute important questions for future research. We define an eINV by adapting a widely used definition of international new ventures (INV) (Oviatt and McDougall 2005: 5): an eINV is a venture whose business model is enabled by a digital platform and that, from incep- tion, seeks to derive significant competitive advantage from international growth. With a focus explicitly on how extant research helps us understand eINVs, this review differs from that of Reuber and Fischer (2011b), who focus on firm-level internet-related resources that are related to the internationalization of ventures in general; that of Pezderka and Sinkovics (2011), who focus on risk and the online foreign market entry decisions of small and medium-sized enter- prises (SMEs); and that of Chandra and Coviello (2010), who focus on consumers using the internet to pursue international opportunities

Anticipating climate change: knowledge use in participatory flood management in the river Meuse

Given the latest knowledge on climate change, the Dutch government wants to anticipate the increased risk of flooding. For the river Meuse in The Netherlands, the design discharge is estimated to increase from 3800m3/s to 4600m3/s. With the existing policy of “Room for the River”, this increase is to be accommodated without raising the dikes. At the same time the floodplains are often claimed for other functions, e.g. new housing or industrial estates. In 2001 the Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management started the study “Integrated assessment of the river Meuse (IVM)” with the objectives of making an inventory of the probable physical effects of a design flood, assuming climate change, on the river Meuse in 2050, investigating possible spatial and technical measures to mitigate these effects, and finally combining various measures to create an integral strategy for flood protection, while at the same time increasing spatial quality. This paper presents the results of research into the decision making process that took place in order to achieve these objectives. Special attention was given to the role of scientific and technical knowledge in the decision making process, e.g. by investigating the effect of the quality of input data on acceptance by stakeholders, and the interactive use of a decision support system to visualise hydraulic effects. Conclusions on successes and pitfalls are drawn from observation and interviews with participants. It demonstrates how it is possible to integrate the necessary, technically complex knowledge in a political debate with stakeholders on how to deal with flood risk. Furthermore, the experience indicates in what area improvements could be made

À la recherche de l’identité dans Alto solo d’Antoine Volodine

Le roman Alto Solo (1991) d’Antoine Volodine provoque deux questions fondamentales : « Qui suis-je ? » et « Qui es-tu ? » Ce sont des questions qui explorent la notion du soi et de l’autre en mettant en relation le lieu habité, c’est-à-dire géographique, et le lieu psychologique ainsi que celui de l’énonciation. Ce sont des questions dont les réponses font référence aux signes distinctifs entre des individus d’une société, qui, dans Alto Solo, produisent une sensation d’étrangeté, d’anonymat et d’exil de l’un par rapport à l’autre. Ces réponses prononcées ou implicites produisent une sensation d’étrangeté et d’aliénation sociale qui est renforcée par une aliénation de l’identité personnelle, celle-ci n’étant, dans la plupart des cas, qu’une identité collective.Qui sont les citoyens de Chamrouche par rapport aux personnages aux noms bizarres ? Comment caractériser les personnages que nous rencontrons dans cette oeuvre de Volodine et auxquels l’auteur ne fait référence que dans un langage symbolique ? Il parle des voix, des oiseaux, des nègues et des hommes portant des imperméables, sans expliquer le choix de son vocabulaire. Cette absence d’information concrète confirme non seulement la notion d’étrangeté dans le texte de Volodine, mais elle provoque également la réitération des deux questions, « Qui suis-je ? » et « Qui es-tu ? ». Elle stimule notre recherche de l’identité dans Alto Solo.Antoine Volodine’s novel Alto Solo (1991) raises two fundamental questions : “Who am I ?” and “Who are you ?” These questions address the notion of the self and the other in relation to geographic and psychological place as well as that of speech. The answers to these questions are intrinsic to the distinct characteristics of individual, interacting members of society, which in Alto Solo stir feelings of otherness, anonymity, and even of exile among the fictional characters. The responses to these two questions, whether overt or implicit, yield an aura of social disjunction and alienation, and hence questions of the identity of the individual characters who seem largely remote, their identities more collective than personal.Who then are the citizens of Chamrouch, in relation to those with bizarre names ? How can we define the characters in Volodine’s novel when they are depicted only as symbols, their verbal expression in the form of voices, birds, nègues, and men wearing raincoats without the author ever explaining his choice of words ? The absence of concrete information not only reinforces the pervasive aura of otherness in Volodine’s text, but also summons a reiteration of the two questions, “Who am I ?” and “Who are you ?” Thus we are impelled in our search for identity in Alto Solo

Meson-meson correlations in baryon-baryon and antibaryon-baryon interactions

Recent work of the J\"ulich group about the role of meson-meson correlations in baryon-baryon and antibaryon-baryon interactions is reviewed.Comment: Lecture given at the Erice School 1995, TEX, 10 pages, 15 figure

What patients say about living with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: A systematic synthesis of qualitative studies.

PURPOSE: This is a narrative systematic synthesis of qualitative research investigating patients' accounts of living with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). Qualitative methodologies allow patients to share lived experiences in their own words. The examination of patients' own accounts is likely to offer revealing insights into a poorly understood, heterogeneous disorder. METHODS: We identified 21 separate studies about PNES published after 1996 and based on analyses of patients' own words. Papers were synthesised inductively and deductively using an iterative approach. RESULTS: Five key themes emerged from the synthesis of studies capturing accounts from over 220 patients, reflecting experiences of seizure events, diagnosis, treatment and management, emotional events, and impact on daily life. Patients with PNES discussed the phenomenology of their seizures differently from those with epilepsy. PNES were experientially heterogeneous. Many patients shared a sense of uncertainty surrounding PNES, often resisting psychological explanations. Negative experiences with healthcare professionals were common. Patients seeking validation of their experiences often reported feeling ignored or doubted. Many reported past or current stressful events. Some demonstrated insight into their methods of emotional processing. PNES were described as a significant burden associated with financial and psychosocial losses. CONCLUSIONS: Qualitative studies have produced helpful insights into patients' experiences of living with PNES, but many patient groups (men, young people, elderly, non-Western patients) are underrepresented in studies carried out to date. Research capturing these patient groups and using new methods of data collection and qualitative analysis could help to deepen our understanding of this disorder

Consciousness in non-epileptic attack disorder

Non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD) is one of the most important differential diagnoses of epilepsy. Impairment of consciousness is the key feature of non-epileptic attacks (NEAs). The first half of this review summarises the clinical research literature featuring observations relating to consciousness in NEAD. The second half places this evidence in the wider context of the recent discourse on consciousness in neuroscience and the philosophy of mind. We argue that studies of consciousness should not only distinguish between the ‘level’ and ‘content’ of consciousness but also between ‘phenomenal consciousness’ (consciousness of states it somehow “feels to be like”) and ‘access consciousness’ (having certain ‘higher’ cognitive processes at one’s disposal). The existing evidence shows that there is a great intra- and interindividual variability of NEA experience. However, in most NEAs phenomenal experience – and, as a precondition for that experience, vigilance or wakefulness – is reduced to a lesser degree than in those epileptic seizures involving impairment of consciousness. In fact, complete loss of “consciousness” is the exception rather than the rule in NEAs. Patients, as well as external observers, may have a tendency to overestimate impairments of consciousness during the seizures

Circumstantial evidences for mimicry of scorpions by the neotropical gecko Coleodactylus brachystoma (Squamata, Gekkonidae) in the Cerrados of central Brazil

There are few records of invertebrates mimicry by reptiles. In the Cerrados of central Brazil, the small Coleodactylus brachystoma is an endemic species common in the islands and margins of the Serra da Mesa hydroelectric dam reservoir. When cornered, this lizard folds the tail over the body exposing the pale-orange ventral surface. Lizard behavior, tail length and color pattern confer to this lizard a strong resemblance with syntopic buthid scorpions Rhopalurus agamenon, Tytius matogrossensis, and Anantheris balzani. Lizards and scorpions share the same tail color, size, and shape. Ecologically, they use the same microhabitats, are exposed to the same potential predators, and present similar behaviors when threatened