Utilisation de la très haute résolution spatiale pour la caractérisation des habitats de rongeurs, vecteurs de zoonoses à La Réunion

Connaître la distribution des espèces vectrices de zoonoses est fondamentale pour comprendre les dynamiques épidémiologiques et caractériser les zones à risque. Cette distribution peut être appréhendée à différentes échelles : régionalement, l'aire de répartition de ces espèces définit les limites d'occurrence de la transmission d'agents pathogènes et, localement, leurs niches déterminent l'aléa. Cette dernière échelle requiert une connaissance très précise des milieux qui peut être acquise par l'analyse d'images satellite à très haute résolution spatiale. Dans le cadre d'un projet de recherche sur la leptospirose à La Réunion (LeptOI), cette étude propose de mesurer le potentiel d'utilisation d'une image Pléiades (produit rééchantillonné à 50 cm) pour caractériser la distribution locale de différents petits mammifères terrestres autour de l'Etang de Saint-Paul. Trois campagnes de piégeage ont permis la capture de 134 animaux appartenant à quatre des cinq espèces présentes à La Réunion (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, Suncus murinus et Tenrec ecaudatus). Une analyse orientée-objet de l'image Pléiades a permis de discriminer dix classes d'occupation des sols avec une précision totale de 83,6%. Des indices paysagers ont été calculés à partir de cette classification autour de chacun des pièges (distances les plus courtes aux classes d’occupation, densité de contours et pourcentages de surface des classes au sein de zones tampon de 50 et de 100 mètres). Trois zones ("humide", "anthropisée" et "sèche") sont clairement discriminées par ces variables, qui pourront être utilisées comme déterminants écologiques de différents profils épidémiologiques : la zone humide étant propice à la leptospirose et la zone anthropisée étant un lieu de cooccurrence des quatre espèces et ainsi potentiellement une zone d'échanges de pathogènes

Immunohistochemical evaluation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast carcinoma in Jordan

INTRODUCTION: Although breast carcinoma (BC) is the most common malignancy affecting Jordanian females and the affected population in Jordan is younger than that in the West, no information is available on its biological characteristics. Our aims in this study are to evaluate the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) and Her-2/neu overexpression in BC in Jordan, and to compare the expression of these with other prognostic parameters for BC such as histological type, histological grade, tumor size, patients' age, and number of lymph node metastases. METHOD: This is a retrospective study conducted in the Department of Pathology at Jordan University of Science and Technology. A confirmed 91 cases of BC diagnosed in the period 1995 to 1998 were reviewed and graded. We used immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression of ER, PR, and Her-2. Immunohistochemical findings were correlated with age, tumor size, grade and axillary lymph node status. RESULTS: Her-2 was overexpressed in 24% of the cases. The mean age of Her-2 positive cases was 42 years as opposed to 53 years among Her-2 negative cases (p = 0.0001). Her-2 expression was inversely related to ER and PR expression. Her-2 positive tumors tended to be larger than Her-2 negative tumors with 35% overexpression among T3 tumors as opposed to 22% among T2 tumors (p = 0.13). Her-2 positive cases tended to have higher rates of axillary metastases, but this did not reach statistical significance. ER and PR positive cases were seen in older patients with smaller tumor sizes. CONCLUSION: Her-2 overexpression was seen in 24% of BC affecting Jordanian females. Her-2 overexpression was associated with young age at presentation, larger tumor size, and was inversely related to ER and PR expression. One-fifth of the carcinomas were Her-2 positive and ER negative. This group appears to represent an aggressive form of BC presenting at a young age with large primary tumors and a high rate of four or more axillary lymph node metastases

HER2 testing in breast cancer: Opportunities and challenges

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in 15-25% of breast cancers, usually as a result of HER2 gene amplification. Positive HER2 status is considered to be an adverse prognostic factor. Recognition of the role of HER2 in breast cancer growth has led to the development of anti-HER2 directed therapy, with the humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin (R)) having been approved for the therapy of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Clinical studies have further suggested that HER2 status can provide important information regarding success or failure of certain hormonal therapies or chemotherapies. As a result of these developments, there has been increasing demand to perform HER2 testing on current and archived breast cancer specimens. This article reviews the molecular background of HER2 function, activation and inhibition as well as current opinions concerning its role in chemosensitivity and interaction with estrogen receptor biology. The different tissue-based assays used to detect HER2 amplification and overexpression are discussed with respect to their advantages and disadvantages, when to test (at initial diagnosis or pre-treatment), where to test (locally or centralized) and the need for quality assurance to ensure accurate and valid testing results

Enxerto total de maxila com 100% de bio oss: estudo retrospectivo clínico e tomográfico

Introdução: A perda de dentes e o uso de uma prótese total por muitos anos ainda é uma realidade e resulta em perda óssea. A reconstrução adequada de uma maxila edêntula extremamente atrófica é um desafio e diferentes métodos têm sido descritos para a sua resolução. O objetivo deste estudo foi: a) descrever uma técnica utilizando 100% de matriz óssea bovina inorgânica (MOBI) para reconstrução maxilar; b) medir o ganho ósseo horizontal 6 a 8 meses após o enxerto; e c) avaliar a taxa de sobrevivência dos implantes. Métodos: Pacientes buscando a reabilitação com implantes em maxilas atróficas edêntulas foram selecionados em uma clínica privada em Porto Alegre, Brasil. A primeira tomografia computadorizada foi avaliada para verificar a necessidade de enxerto ósseo e a segunda, 6-8 meses após o enxerto ósseo, para planejar a colocação dos implantes e avaliar o ganho ósseo horizontal na região anterior de maxila. A primeira cirurgia envolveu o levantamento de seio bilateral e o enxerto horizontal na região anterior da maxila, ambos com partículas de 0,25-1mm de MOBI (Bio-Oss, Geistlich, Suiça) e recobertos por membrana de colágeno (Bio-Gide, Geistlich). Resultados: Um total de 124 implantes foram instalados em 19 pacientes. A taxa de sobrevivência dos implantes foi de 95,2%, com seis implantes perdidos ao longo de um tempo médio de acompanhamento de 47,68 ± 20 meses. O ganho ósseo horizontal variou de 0 a 6,86 mm, com ganho médio de 2,85 ± 1,44 mm. Uma média de 5,5 ± 1,5g de MOBI foi usada por paciente, em 73,7% dos casos foi possível a realização de cirurgia sem retalho no momento da instalação dos implantes, e em 92 dos implantes foi possível a realização de carga imediata com uma sobredentadura provisória apoiada sobre uma barra fixa. A reabilitação final foi realizada com prótese fixa em 16 pacientes, com tempo médio de acompanhamento da prótese de 38,4 ± 22 meses. O ganho ósseo horizontal foi maior quando a altura óssea inicial foi maior que 8, 10 ou 12mm quando comparados com alturas iniciais menores que 8, 6 ou 4mm. Conclusão: Dentro das limitações deste estudo é possível afirmar que o enxerto ósseo com 100% MOBI em maxila atrófica é um tratamento confiável e permite a reabilitação com implantes com alta taxa de sobrevivência, sendo que quanto maior a altura óssea inicial, maior a possibilidade de ganho ósseo horizontal.Background: Tooth loss and the use of a complete denture for years is still a reality and results in bone loss. Adequate reconstruction of an extremely atrophic edentulous maxilla is a challenge, and different treatment methods have been described for its resolution. The objective of this study was: a) to describe a technique using 100% deproteinized bovine bone matrix (DBBM) for maxilla reconstruction, b) to measure horizontal bone gain 6 to 8 months after bone graft in the anterior region of the maxilla, and c) to evaluate the survival rate and variables related to bone augmentation and/or implant survival rate. Methods: Patients (18 to 85 years old) seeking implant placement in edentulous upper jaw with an atrophic maxilla were selected in a private clinic in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. The bone graft was performed with a bilateral sinus lift and a horizontal bone graft in the anterior region, both with 0,25-1mm particles of DBBM (Bio-Oss, Geistlich, Switzerland) covered with a collagen membrane (Bio-Gide, Geistlich). Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) were evaluated to verify the need for bone graft, and after 6-8 months bone graft follow-up, to plan the implant placement and to assess the horizontal bone gain. Results: A total of 124 implants were placed in 19 patients. The survival rate was 95.2%, with six implants lost over a mean implants follow-up time of 47.68 ± 20.00 months. The horizontal bone gain ranged from 0.00 to 6.86 mm, with a mean gain of 2.85 ± 1.44 mm. An average of 5.5 ± 1.5g of DBBM was used per patient, and in 73.7 % of the cases, a flapless surgery was possible for implant placement, and in 92 implants an immediate loading was possible with a provisional overdenture. The final rehabilitation was accomplished with a fixed prosthodontics in 16 patients with a mean prosthesis follow-up time of 38.4 ± 22 months. The mean bone width gain was higher when the initial bone height was higher than 8, 10 or 12mm compared to initial bone heights lower than 8, 6 or 4mm. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it is possible to affirm that the bone graft with 100% DBBM in atrophic maxilla is a reliable treatment and allow the rehabilitation with implants with a high survival rate; and the higher the initial bone height, the greater the gain in bone width

Perda óssea marginal de implantes em levantamento de seio maxilar com 100% de matriz óssea bovina inorgânica: avaliação clínica e radiográfica de até 4 anos

Aims: To evaluate survival rates for implants after maxillary sinus augmentation using anorganic bovine bone (ABB) by means of clinical and radiographic evaluation; evaluate the marginal bone loss (MBL) around implants placed in this grafted areas; and compare the implants MBL with the clinical variables gathered. Methods: Subjects seeking implant placement in the posterior maxilla with bone availability ≤7mm were selected for this retrospective study in a private clinic in Porto Alegre, Brazil. A total of 55 implants (morse tapered) were placed in 30 grafted maxillary sinuses of 24 patients (mean age 59. 3 years). The clinical variables were age, sex, ABB quantity per sinus, implant length and diameter, height of prosthetic abutment, teeth replaced, timing of implant placement, flap elevation, and type of restoration. Two periapical radiographs were evaluated after the distortion rate calculation for the implant MBL measurement (0-6 months after implant placement and the most recent).Results: The survival rate was 98. 2%, with only one implant lost (100% survival rate after loading) with a mean follow-up time of 2 years ± 0. 9 years. The MBL ranged from 0 to 2. 85mm; 75. 9% of mesial and 83. 4% of distal sites showed <1 mm of MBL, while 35. 2% of mesial and 37% of distal sites exhibited no bone loss. The MBL was greater in open flap surgery than in flapless surgery, with statistical significance difference. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study we can conclude that maxillary sinus elevation with 100% anorganic bovine bone has predictable result; the result of 98. 2% implant survival rate encourage to perform implant placement in grafted sinus; flapless surgery results in less marginal bone loss when compared to traditional open flap surgery.Objetivos: Avaliar a taxa de sobrevivência de implantes instalados sobre enxertos de seio maxilar com matriz óssea inorgânica bovina através de avaliação clínica e radiográfica; avaliar a perda óssea marginal dos implantes instalados no enxerto; e comparar a perda óssea marginal dos implantes com a variáveis clínicas analisadas. Materiais e métodos: Pacientes que foram à uma clínica privada em Porto Alegre, Brasil, buscando a colocação de implantes na região posterior da maxila com disponibilidade óssea ≤ 7mm foram selecionados. Um total de 55 implantes (conexão morse) foram colocados em 30 seios maxilares de 24 pacientes (idade média de 59,3 anos). As variáveis clínicas analisadas foram idade, sexo, quantidade de biomaterial por seio maxilar operado, tamanho e diâmetro do implante, abertura de retalho e tipo de restauração protética. Após o cálculo da distorção das radiografias periapicais, comparou-se a mais recente com a realizada 0-6 meses após a colocação do implante para a medição da perda óssea marginal. Resultados: A taxa de sobrevivência foi de 98,2%, com apenas um implante perdido (100% taxa de sobrevivência pós carga) e um acompanhamento médio de 2 anos ± 0. 9 anos. A perda óssea marginal variou de 0 a 2,85mm; 75,9% dos sítios mesiais e 83,4% dos distais apresentaram perda óssea marginal <1mm, enquanto 35,2% dos sítios mesiais e 37% dos distais não apresentaram perda óssea. A perda óssea marginal foi maior em implantes instalados com retalho aberto quando comparados aos realizados sem retalho, com diferença estatisticamente significante. Conclusão: Apesar das limitações desse estudo retrospectivo podemos concluir que o levantamento de seio maxilar com 100% de matriz óssea inorgânica bovina tem um resultado previsível; o resultado de 98,2% de taxa de sobrevivência dos implantes encoraja a realização dos mesmos sobre enxertos de seio maxilar; cirurgias sem retalho levam a uma menor perda óssea marginal quando comparadas a cirurgias com retalho aberto

FLORES DE MARI HI

Resenha de: LIMULJA, Hanna. O desejo dos outros: Uma etnografia dos sonhos yanomami. São Paulo: Ubu Editora, 2022

Trends in cultured meat : a bibliometric and sociometric analysis Of publication

Cellular agriculture is been considered as a mechanism to minimize future negative impacts of the estimated world population growth for the coming decades. Among the alternatives of this technology, the development of meat grown in the laboratory stands out. Numerous researchers have been making efforts to develop this scientific field today. However, few studies have tried to map the intellectual panorama and emerging themes in the scientific literature of this scientific field. Thus, this research aims to analyze from the perspective of the bibliometric and sociometric analysis the scientific publications on meat cultivated within the perspective of cellular agriculture, indexed in the Web of Science database. We analyzed 91 publications on cultured meat, combining mapping data, patterns of co-citation and collaboration from scientific journals and authorship. We also analyze emerging issues in the re-search on meat cultivated. We noted that, given the participation of authors and co-authors from different areas of knowledge, there is not a pattern in the composition of collaboration networks. Also stands out the multidisciplinary nature of the studies on cultured meat, transposing different disciplines and analytical approaches. Those aspects concerning the environmental, cultural impact, tech-nical viability of its productive process and impacts on traditional livestock production appear as latent constructs in this new food biotechnology

Certification mechanisms for the development of an agriculture with a potential for climate change mitigation

Os aumentos de temperaturas médias globais e da ocorrência de eventos climáticos extremos poderão afetar a oferta de alimentos a médio e longo prazos. A agricultura, a pecuária e as atividades florestais respondem por quase 30% das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) – os principais causadores do aquecimento global. As mudanças climáticas decorrentes de processos antrópicos geram a necessidade do desenvolvimento de uma agricultura com potencial de mitigação e redução dos GEE. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo foi identificar ferramentas e metodologias de cálculo de emissões, bem como seu uso, para subsidiar sistemas de certificação climáticos para sistemas agrícolas e alimentos. Verificou-se que existem plataformas suficientes para o desenvolvimento de mecanismos de certificação, que seguem principalmente as diretrizes do IPCC para inventários de GEE e a avaliação de ciclo de vida. Apesar do grande número de rótulos ecológicos existentes, apenas um deles foi identificado como selo de certificação climática para cadeias produtivas agrícolas – o selo sueco Klimatcertifiering för Mat. Embora existam oportunidades de mercado, uma eficiente comunicação do propósito dos selos climáticos ainda demanda aperfeiçoamentos.The average increase of global temperatures and of the occurrence of extreme climatic events may affect the supply of food in the medium and long terms. Agriculture, livestock, and forestry activities account for almost 30% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions – the main causes of global warming. The climatic changes resulting from anthropic processes generate the need to develop an agriculture with the potential to mitigate and reduce GHG. Therefore, the objective of this work was to identify tools for the emission calculation and methodologies, as well as their use to support climate certification systems for agricultural systems and food. It has been found that there are sufficient devices for the development of certification mechanisms, which follow mainly the IPCC guidelines for GHG inventories and the life cycle assessment. Despite the large number of existing eco-labels, only one has been identified as a climatic certification seal for agricultural production chains – the Swedish seal Klimatcertifiering för Mat. Although there are market opportunities, an efficient communication of the purpose of the climate seals still requires improvements