Review on Superconducting Materials

Short review of the topical comprehension of the superconductor materials classes Cuprate High-Temperature Superconductors, other oxide superconductors, Iron-based Superconductors, Heavy-Fermion Superconductors, Nitride Superconductors, Organic and other Carbon-based Superconductors and Boride and Borocarbide Superconductors, featuring their present theoretical understanding and their aspects with respect to technical applications.Comment: A previous version of this article has been published in \" Applied Superconductivity: Handbook on Devices and Applications \", Wiley-VCH ISBN: 978-3-527-41209-9. The new extended and updated version will be published in \" Encyclopedia of Applied Physics \", Wiley-VC

Fully connected bulk Pb 1−

This material is presented to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work. Copyright and all rights therein are retained by authors or by other copyright holders. All persons copying this information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. In most cases, these works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder

Do morphophonological rules impact both regular and irregular verb inflection? Evidence from acquired morphological impairment

Introduction The role of morphophonological rules in production is a frequent point of contention in competing theories of morphological processing. Dual-mechanism theories have posited that a single default rule (stem+ed) is used to produce the regular past tense, while all other past-tense forms are memorized and retrieved whole. However, research has suggested that a series of stochastic morphophonological rules plays a role in morphological productivity for both regular and irregular novel verbs (e.g. Albright & Hayes, 2003). Under this view, the likelihood of a given rule applying to a verb is partially dependent on its lexical support, measured as the number of phonologically similar verbs in the lexicon which take the same inflectional change (e.g. weep→wept, sweep→swept, etc.). To date, most evidence supporting this view has come from the morphological productivity of novel forms (e.g. Albright & Hayes, 2003) and from visual word recognition (Fruchter, Stockall, & Marantz, 2013). The present study extends this work by demonstrating that morphophonological rules impact production more generally, including the production of both regular and irregular past tense in RMI, an aphasic individual with an established morphological deficit (Rimikis & Buchwald, 2014). While we previously reported differences in production for irregular verbs with either high or low levels of lexical support, the current study further examined this phenomenon, and we found that the production of the past-tense form for both regular and irregular verbs was affected by the support for that verb’s inflectional rule . Subject RMI, 39, right-handed male with aphasia secondary to L-MCA CVA. His production includes frequent morphological errors across tasks, with semantic and phonological errors also occurring. Procedure RMI was administered a past-tense elicitation task. Sentence frames including regular and irregular verbs were presented verbally and visually (e.g. “Every day I run a mile. Just like every day, yesterday I ____ a mile”; N=800). Analyses A confidence score was calculated for each verb, representing the amount of lexical support for its inflectional pattern based on morphophonological rules (Albright & Hayes, 2003). Logistic-regression mixed-effects models were used to assess the impact of this confidence score on RMI’s production above that of other lexical variables. Accuracy and error patterns were analyzed separately for regular and irregular verbs. Results Confidence score was a significant predictor of performance for both regular and irregular verbs. For regular verbs, words with higher confidence scores were more likely to be produced accurately (see Figure 1). For irregular verbs, words with lower confidence scores were more likely to be regularized (i.e. affixation of –ed, e.g. "digged"). Discussion For irregular verbs, lexical support for the particular morphophonological rule affected error type, with words with less support being more likely to regularize. Interestingly, our findings indicate that even regular verbs are sensitive to lexical support as words with less support for the regular pattern were more vulnerable to error. These findings provide additional evidence that morphophonological rules impact spoken production, and may be problematic for accounts in which a single, default rule is used in production

Combinatorial Processing of Irregular Verbs: Evidence from Aphasia

Introduction While semantic and phonological deficits in aphasia are relatively well-studied, less attention has been given to morphological processing. Nevertheless, there are active debates about morphological processing that may be informed by investigating morphological deficits, including the extent to which regular and irregular forms are computed similarly. Theories of processing vary with respect to this point: dual-mechanism accounts propose that regular verbs are computed via rule-based processes combining stems and affixes, while irregular verbs are stored and retrieved separately from their stems. In contrast, full-decomposition accounts posit that both regular and irregular verbs are stored in a decomposed fashion and computed using combinatorial processes. The present study compares the predictions of these two accounts using the single-word reading performance of an aphasic individual with a morphological deficit. We designed two tasks to decouple effects of morphology and phonology and evaluate regular and irregular verb production. In particular, we first compared error patterns of regularly-inflected forms to uninflected homophones (e.g., praise vs. prays) to establish the presence of a morphological deficit. We then compared error rates and types for regularly-inflected (sin-sinned), irregularly-inflected (win-won), and phonologically-matched word pairs (tin-ton). Dual mechanism accounts predict that error rates and types of the irregularly-inflected forms will match the phonological word pairs as all are listed separately in the lexicon. In contrast, full-decomposition accounts predict regular and irregular verbs would demonstrate similar rates and types of morphological errors, distinct from monomorphemic words. Case Report RMI, 39, right-handed male presented with aphasia secondary to L-MCA CVA. His production in spontaneous speech, reading, and writing, includes frequent morphological errors, with semantic and phonological errors also occurring. Experiment 1 RMI was administered a single-word reading task containing homophone pairs that orthogonally varied morphological and phonological complexity (e.g. prays-praise, locks-lox). The list contained 53 homophone pairs and was administered 4 times (N=424 words total). Deletion of final consonants occurred significantly more often for morphologically-complex words (locks→lock; 94/212, 44%) compared to homophones (lox→[lak]; 20/212, 9%; X2=63.94, p<.05). This difference reveals a morphological deficit. Experiment 2 RMI was administered a single-word reading task containing 40 irregular verb pairs (win-won), 40 regular verb pairs phonologically-matched to the stem (sin-sinned) and 40 monomorphemic word pairs matched to the irregular verb pairs (tin-ton). He produced morphological deletion errors on 30.0% (12/40) of inflected regular verbs (sinned→sin) and on 42.5% (17/40) of inflected irregular verbs (won→win), whereas the analogous error (e.g. ton>tin) never occurred on the monomorphemic pairs (see Table 1). Discussion Taken together, the results of Experiments 1 and 2 indicate a combinatorial morphological deficit affecting both regular and irregular verb production. The errors in producing irregularly-inflected verbs are similar to the production of regular verbs, and not similar to phonologically-matched monomorphemic words. These findings are consistent with full-decomposition accounts of morphological processing and inconsistent with accounts that posit differential processing of regular and irregular verbs. We will present additional analyses from these tasks and related tasks involving morphological comprehension and production across modalities

A lightweight TwiddleNet portal

TwiddleNet is a distributed architecture of personal servers that harnesses the power of the mobile devices, enabling real time information and file sharing of multiple data types from commercial-off-the-shelf platforms. This thesis involves research in mobile personal members, mobile social networks and media sharing models and develops a TwiddleNet portal running on a smart phone or a PDA so that the entire TwiddleNet system can be run on handheld devices for rapid deployment in emergencies.http://archive.org/details/alightweighttwid109454171Hellenic Navy author.Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited