Menschenrechte, Staatlichkeit und die Rolle von Individuen

Nicht nur in politischen Theorien, sondern auch innerhalb der Philosophie der Menschenrechte gelten der Staat und politische Institutionen als die primären Adressaten menschenrechtlicher Ansprüche. Die Frage, ob darüber hinaus auch eine an einzelne Individuen gerichtete Adressierung von Menschenrechten denkbar ist, wird hingegen kaum verfolgt. Ausgehend von moralischen Begründungskonzeptionen von Menschenrechten argumentiert der vorliegende Beitrag jedoch für eine Aufwertung des Individuums als Adressat von Menschenrechtspflichten. Eine solche Aufwertung hat zur Folge, dass nicht nur nationale und internationale politische Institutionen, sondern auch die globale Zivilgesellschaft als Kooperationsbereich individueller Verantwortungsübernahmen für eine Verwirklichung von Menschenrechten, die über rein staatliche Institutionalisierungsprozesse hinausgeht, relevant ist. Gleichwohl bedeutet diese Einbeziehung zivilgesellschaftlicher Komponenten nicht, dass die für die Philosophie der Menschenrechte zentrale begriffliche Unterscheidung zwischen Menschenrechten und moralischen Rechten verworfen werden muss

Assessment of the effectiveness of head only and back-of-the-head electrical stunning of chickens

The study assesses the effectiveness of reversible head-only and back-of-the-head electrical stunning of chickens using 130–950 mA per bird at 50 Hz AC

The Relationship Between Technology Readiness and Online Professional Development

The purpose of this quantitative, correlational study is to determine if there is a relationship between technology readiness and grades, the number of attempts taken, or the time it took to complete an online professional development. Because of the pandemic, much educator professional development has shifted online. When this occurred, many teachers were unprepared to make this shift. To study the relationship, the researcher surveyed 73 staff members of an LEA in central Pennsylvania using the Technology Readiness Index 2.0 instrument. Then, the researcher computed a correlation coefficient between each participant’s Technology Readiness Index score and their grades, number of attempts, and how long it took them to complete the online professional development. The results indicate no significant relationship between technology readiness and grades or the number of attempts. However, the correlation between technology readiness and days to completion yielded a small to moderate negative correlation. These findings support the use of online professional development and indicate that people will perform the same regardless of their technology readiness level. The only difference is that those with lower technology readiness might take longer to complete the online professional development. Expanding this study to include more variables regarding technology readiness and online professional development in the future would be beneficial

History of social market economy and its ancestors

Wenn man in die Zukunft schreiten will, tut man gut daran, sich des Weges zu versichern, den man bicher gegangen ist. Wer ein Hais baut, legt als erstes esin solides Fundament. So lassen Sie uns denn Rückschau halten, fragen, woher das kommt, was heute Sozieale Marktwirtschaft (SM) genannt wird, und lassen Sie uns die Fundamente betrachten, auf denen diese Gesellschafts - und Wirtschaftsordnung ruht

Zeitschrift f\ufcr Praktische Philosophie / Erz\ue4hlte Identit\ue4t? Zur Kritik narrativer Demenz-Theorien

Nicht nur in der Demenzethik, sondern auch in grundlegenden Fragen zum Personen-Status von Demenzbetroffenen sind Verweise auf narrative Modelle, die die personale Identit\ue4t Demenzkranker aufzeigen sollen, popul\ue4r. Ziel des Beitrages ist eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit den Voraussetzungen und argumentativen Problemen, die sich im Anschluss an diese \u201anarrativen Demenztheorien\u2018 ergeben. Nach einer Einf\ufchrung in die Begrifflichkeiten philosophischer Identit\ue4tskonzeptionen und einem exemplarischen Einblick in Modelle narrativer Demenztheorien werden Einw\ue4nde gegen diese Positionen diskutiert. So ist zun\ue4chst unklar, welches Verst\ue4ndnis von \u201aNarration\u2018 und \u201anarrativer Identit\ue4t\u2018 in narrativen Demenztheorien vorausgesetzt wird. Beim Versuch der Kl\ue4rung des Begriffs einer \u201anarrativen Identit\ue4t\u2018 zeigt sich anschlie fend, dass sich narrative Demenztheorien nicht nur in Widerspr\ufcche verwickeln, sondern sich zudem Probleme ergeben, die aus der relationalen Struktur narrativer Demenztheorien resultieren und die u.a. in den von Peter Lamarque ge\ue4u ferten Trivialit\ue4tseinwand m\ufcnden. Soll die personale Identit\ue4t Demenzbetroffener rekonstruiert werden, so empfiehlt es sich vielmehr, auf holistische Konzeptionen, die die gesamte Biographie einer Person narrativ aufarbeiten, zu verzichten und stattdessen episodische Artikulationen zu ber\ufccksichtigen, die die auch von Vertretern narrativer Ans\ue4tze geforderte Aufwertung des aktualen Erlebenszustandes der Betroffenen leisten k\uf6nnen. Eine solche alternative Herangehensweise wird am Ende des Beitrags durch Einbezug der Ans\ue4tze Galen Strawsons und Jeff McMahans vorgestellt.In the ethics of dementia, reference to narrative models is a widespread tool for demonstrating the personal identity of dementia sufferers. In my contribution, I will draw attention to these approaches. In particular, I will analyze a special subclass, so-called external narratives, which hold that the personal identity of dementia patients can be maintained by re-telling their life stories: When a patient is, due to the symptoms of the disease, not able to tell his own story, it is the task of others \u2013 friends or relatives \u2013 to re-establish identity by completing the narrative of a patient\u2019s life. Problems emerge, though, due to the relational nature of the theory. As other persons are instructed to re-tell a patient\u2019s life story, misinterpretations, falsifications and the devaluation of first-personal experiences cannot be excluded. Moreover, it is not clear \u2013 even though they ascribe it to themselves \u2013 that narrative accounts can actually overcome traditional concepts of identity in the Lockean sense. Further problems can be seen in the objection of triviality and the notion of diachronic unity, which is interrupted by the characteristics of the disease. Nevertheless, I won\u2019t abandon narrative accounts as such: By reference to Galen Strawson\u2019s \u2018episodic individuals\u2019 and Jeff McMahan\u2019s notion of \u2018time-relative interests\u2019, I will develop a strongly reduced understanding of narrativity which can still be performed by dementia patients in the later stages of the disease

Respiration parameter determination with non-obstructive methods

Measuring respiratory parameters like the breathing frequency or the tidal volume is essential in intensive care to ensure an optimal and lung protecting ventilation. A common practice in artificial ventilation of sensitive patients like infants or neonates is the use of uncuffed endotracheal tubes in combination with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). This comes with the disadvantage of an unknown leakage making it difficult to detect spontaneous breathing or to measure the tidal volume reliable. A novel non-obstructive method to determine respiratory parameters as well as dynamic changes of thoracic parameters has recently been presented and uses a pair of coupled UHF (ultra high frequency) antennae. In this paper, a respective setup is investigated numerically using finite difference time domain method and experimentally using an artificial lung phantom. Both approaches show that the investigated method seems capable of allowing a contactless triggering to synchronize natural and artificial breathing. The results are compared to derive a better understanding of influencing factors and opportunities for an optimisation

A method to assess primary stability of acetabular components in association with bone defects

The objectives of this study were to develop a simplified acetabular bone defect model based on a representative clinical case, derive four bone defect increments from the simplified defect to establish a step‐wise testing procedure, and analyze the impact of bone defect and bone defect filling on primary stability of a press‐fit cup in the smallest defined bone defect increment. The original bone defect was approximated with nine reaming procedures and by exclusion of specific procedures, four defect increments were derived. The smallest increment was used in an artificial acetabular test model to test primary stability of a press‐fit cup in combination with bone graft substitute (BGS). A primary acetabular test model and a defect model without filling were used as reference. Load was applied in direction of level walking in sinusoidal waveform with an incrementally increasing maximum load (300 N/1000 cycles from 600 to 3000 N). Relative motions (inducible displacement, migration, and total motion) between cup and test model were assessed with an optical measurement system. Original and simplified bone defect volume showed a conformity of 99%. Maximum total motion in the primary setup at 600 N (45.7 ± 5.6 µm) was in a range comparable to tests in human donor specimens (36.0 ± 16.8 µm). Primary stability was reduced by the bone defect, but could mostly be reestablished by BGS‐filling. The presented method could be used as platform to test and compare different treatment strategies for increasing bone defect severity in a standardized way

Development of nociceptive synaptic inputs to the neonatal rat dorsal horn: glutamate release by capsaicin and menthol

To study the postnatal development of nociceptive synaptic inputs in the superficial dorsal horn of the neonatal rat spinal cord, we examined the effect of capsaicin and menthol on glutamatergic mEPSCs in postnatal day (P) 0-1, P5-6 and P9-11 slices of spinal cord. Capsaicin (100 nM to 2 muM) increased the mEPSC frequency in a concentration-dependent manner at all ages tested, with a significant enhancement of the effect between P5 and P10. This effect was sensitive to vanilloid receptor (VR) antagonists. The elevation in mEPSC frequency occurred at concentrations of capsaicin (100 nM) that did not alter the distribution of mEPSC amplitudes and was abolished by a dorsal rhizotomy, demonstrating that capsaicin acts via presynaptic VR1 receptors localized on primary afferents. Menthol significantly increased the mEPSC frequency with a similar developmental pattern to capsaicin without consistently affecting mEPSC amplitude. The increase in mEPSC frequency following capsaicin did not depend on transmembrane calcium influx since it persisted in zero [Ca2+](o). The facilitation of spontaneous glutamate release by capsaicin was sufficient to evoke action potentials in neonatal dorsal horn neurons but was accompanied by a block of EPSCs evoked by electrical stimulation of the dorsal root. These results indicate that VR1-expressing nociceptive primary afferents; form functional synaptic connections in the superficial dorsal horn from birth and that activation of the VR1 receptor increases spontaneous glutamate release via an undetermined mechanism. In addition, the data suggest that immature primary afferents express functional menthol receptors that are capable of modulating transmitter release. These results have important functional implications for infant pain processing