Acute low back pain – a cross sectional study: Fear-avoidance beliefs and associated characteristics

Abstract Background/Aim: Fear-avoidance beliefs (FAB) is exsessive fear of movements that may lead to movement avoidance and contribute to maintenance of LBP. The aim of the study was (i) to identify the percentage of fear-avoidance beliefs (FAB) in patients with acute low back pain (ALBP) and (ii) find any association that may exist between demographic variables, pain and FAB in the sample. Design: The study is a cross sectional survey with a strategic sample. Material: 115 patients between 20 and 70 years of age with acute (less than 12 weeks) low back pain recruited from physiotherapists in outpatient clinics in Norway in the period November 2006 to February 2007. Method: A questionnaire including questions on fear-avoidance beliefs (FABQ) was used. The questionnaire has two parts with five questions about Physical Activities (FABQ-PA) and 11 questions about work related issues. The scores go from 0-6 where 6 is worst. No cutoff values are indicates in the questionnaire, the cut values in the article are quoted from other authors. The patients were also asked for demographic variables and pain. Result: 115 patients participated in the survey: 85 percent answered the FABQ-W part and 20.4 per cent of these had high scores at a cutoff >29. In total 95 per cent answered the FABQ-PA part and 32.1 per cent of these had high scores at a cutoff >14. Mean scores of FABQ-W were 18.3 (10.9) and FABQ-PA 12.3 (5.8). Patients with lowest level of education were significantly associated with high scores on FABQ-W. Conclusion: Increased pain at present (current pain) was significantly associated with high score on the FABQ-PA. Further, being on sick leave and having attained the lowest level of education were independently associated with having high FABQ-W to a significant degree. Keywords: Acute low back pain, fear-avoidance beliefs, cutoff score, formal education

Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of Container Shipping

International shipping has lower direct CO2 emissions per unit of mass transported than any other transportation mode. However, the sector s absolute direct emissions in 2012 totalled 815 million tonnes CO2-equivalents, accounting for 2.1% of all greenhouse gas emissions, and with a continuation of currents trends, are expected to increase between 50 and 250% by 2050. Containerships contribute about one fourth of these emissions, more than any other ship type. (Smith et al., 2014) Life cycle assessments model a product or service from raw material extraction through to waste handling, capturing both direct and indirect environmental impacts occurring throughout their lifetime. Here, a bottom-up life cycle analysis of the global containership fleet is performed, as well as predictions for the composition and attributes of the containership fleet from 2016 until 2050. Thus emerges a more complete picture of the environmental footprint of the containership fleet, and the outcomes of different scenario developments can be examined. The results show that the propulsion of the ship is the most important contributor to impacts where fuel combustion plays a central role: Ship propulsion accounts for about 80% of the climate change impact of the containership fleet. However, in other impact categories, e.g. toxicity potential, other stages of the vessel s life cycle, such as ship construction and the fuel value chain, plays a greater role. Looking at the development of the global warming potential of the fleet towards 2050 reveals that with the assumed improvements in ship emission efficiency and higher proportion of very large ships, above 8500 TEU, the emissions from the fleet do not exceed the 2016-level in any of the five business-as-usual scenarios

Ullevål Sykehus – Left, but not forgotten

I have looked into the future of Ullevål Sykehus, once it ceases to be a hospital. In 2030 the hospital will be relocated to Gaustad. I wanted to bring attention to an acute problem in Oslo; the lack of strategy regarding historical buildings and neighbourhoods we leave behind or demolish. Ullevål Sykehus has a history that stretches back to the late 19th century. It is a facility with strong identity, primarily known for its characterful brick buildings and enriching green spaces. A significant proportion of these buildings are at risk of being demolished in the future. Therefore I have focused the project solely on re-imagining the existing buildings with new functions, as well as enhancing the natural surroundings, benifiting the well-being of both humans and other species.submittedVersio

LEADING BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION IN ESTABLISHED FIRMS

The aim of this dissertation is to explore how established firms innovate their business models, including the organizational and managerial underpinnings of such innovations. The dissertation focuses on the following research questions: l) "How do BMI processes unfold in established firms?" and 2) "How do managers and organizational design best support BMI processes?". I approach these questions by applying an understanding of business models as cognitive schemas and activity-based systems. The research design is based on an in-depth, embedded case study of a multinational corporation experiencing major business model transformation which includes BMI at different levels (both corporate and business unit). I investigate the process of developing different types ofBMI, including both modular, customer-oriented BMI, BMI in the form ofreplication to new markets and corporate-wide BMI. The findings are presented in three subsequent articles written together with co-authors. In Article I, we investigate the process of developing a modular BMI within the context of an established firm. The BMI in focus is a sustainable business model innovation (SBMI), and the specific research questions for this article addresses how managers, organizational processes and structure can support the development of SBMI processes. A framework consisting of microfoundations to support the SBMI process at the individual, interactional and structural level is developed. Further on, key phases of modular SBMI processes for established firms and their related microfoundations are discussed, as well as specific aspects of developing SBMI for established firms. Article 2 examines the continued relevance of business model replication as a strategy in a digital context. Characteristics of digital business models are discussed, and findings from an embedded case study on replication of digital business models is presented. The article suggests that digital business models require distinct replication strategies supported by a dynamic and l 2 flexible approach. It argues that replication in dynamic environments is a specific form of BMI, and that dynamic capabilities are key aspects of the replication approach in the case of digital business models. In Article 3, we explore the role of the top management team (TMT) in transforming business models at the corporate level. This study offers a process perspective that illustrates how digitalization can trigger a cognitive change with regards to the way the TMT identifies business model problems, searches for solutions, and introduces change. It argues that TMTs can accelerate business model transformation processes through building capabilities within business model problem-identification, -formulation, - recombination and -search. This dissertation contributes to the business model and the BMI literature by offering an enhanced understanding of how BMI processes unfold in established firms. It illustrates key activities and events both in the case of modular BMI processes and corporate level BMI processes, as well as how managers and organizational characteristics support BMI throughout the process

Startup Matrix

SUMMARY Research problem: Too many Startups fail at some stage during the Startup process. Due to my experience as a serial founder of startups since the 2000`s , and as current founder and practitioner in Peel Startup Studio, I have read relevant theory and spoken with lots of stakeholders within the “innovation theatre” for many years. During these years I have seen a lot of startups fail, due to a myriad of reasons, both in Norway and internationally. When I studied at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Boston-US, one of my main reasons for studying there was to attend Professor Bill Aulet`s class about an innovation process for startups. I was curious to find out whether such a process could prevent more startups from failing, and whether the process and his theory would support my own reflections about how to build an innovation process specified for startups with a holistic view of how to build a startup company. Research aim: I wanted to interview two startups, to find out to what extent they were aware of their strengths and weaknesses, because I assumed that they would not know. Methods: I used an Action Research method and Mixed Methods to investigate the research problem. Results: The startups were grateful for learning a lot during the research process, and they expressed that the Startup Matrix tool I used in the process was very helpful to them. Implications: Startups “don't know what they don't know”, and they don't know how to find out so they just head on in an unstructured way. The Startup Matrix that I made solved this problem. Keywords: Innovation processes, Startups, Startup Studio, Strategy, Startup-SWOT, Startup Tools

On the genus Crossaster (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and its distribution

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Complexity, interdisciplinarity and design literacy

In today’s complex world, a variety of perspectives are needed to better understand and solve challenges. For decades, global organisations and researchers have pointed to interdisciplinarity as a way forward for educational systems. Educational research offers great possibilities and gains for students involved in interdisciplinary teaching and learning processes, and the interdisciplinary nature of design thinking and practice can play a vital role in interdisciplinary general education. This paper explores how future scenario-building, as part of general design education, can serve as a framework for inter-disciplinarity in general education and contribute to a better understanding of complex problems, challenges and design literacy.publishedVersio

SØVN ØYENSTIKKER SITTENDE SMERTE FIRBENT KIMÆRE FISK FUGL HODE EGG VILLE VEKSTER FRØKAPSEL SPRENGT ELSKOV SKAPENDE HÅND HODELØS OPP AV VANN GRO VINGER KREK

Skulptur, installasjon og scenografi smelter sammen. Arbeidet har røtter i en personlig animisme hvor jeg ‘tenker’ med stedet og hendene, med mytologier, og materialer

Complexity, interdisciplinarity and design literacy

In today’s complex world, a variety of perspectives are needed to better understand and solve challenges. For decades, global organisations and researchers have pointed to interdisciplinarity as a way forward for educational systems. Educational research offers great possibilities and gains for students involved in interdisciplinary teaching and learning processes, and the interdisciplinary nature of design thinking and practice can play a vital role in interdisciplinary general education. This paper explores how future scenario-building, as part of general design education, can serve as a framework for inter-disciplinarity in general education and contribute to a better understanding of complex problems, challenges and design literacy.In today’s complex world, a variety of perspectives are needed to better understand and solve challenges. For decades, global organisations and researchers have pointed to interdisciplinarity as a way forward for educational systems. Educational research offers great possibilities and gains for students involved in interdisciplinary teaching and learning processes, and the interdisciplinary nature of design thinking and practice can play a vital role in interdisciplinary general education. This paper explores how future scenario-building, as part of general design education, can serve as a framework for inter-disciplinarity in general education and contribute to a better understanding of complex problems, challenges and design literacy