Symmetry and resonance in periodic FPU chains

The symmetry and resonance properties of the Fermi Pasta Ulam chain with periodic boundary conditions are exploited to construct a near-identity transformation bringing this Hamiltonian system into a particularly simple form. This `Birkhoff-Gustavson normal form' retains the symmetries of the original system and we show that in most cases this allows us to view the periodic FPU Hamiltonian as a perturbation of a nondegenerate Liouville integrable Hamiltonian. According to the KAM theorem this proves the existence of many invariant tori on which motion is quasiperiodic. Experiments confirm this qualitative behaviour. We note that one can not expect it in lower-order resonant Hamiltonian systems. So the FPU chain is an exception and its special features are caused by a combination of special resonances and symmetries.Comment: 21 page

Non-abelian vortices on CP^1 and Grassmannians

Many properties of the moduli space of abelian vortices on a compact Riemann surface are known. For non-abelian vortices the moduli space is less well understood. Here we consider non-abelian vortices on the Riemann sphere CP^1, and we study their moduli spaces near the Bradlow limit. We give an explicit description of the moduli space as a Kahler quotient of a finite-dimensional linear space. The dimensions of some of these moduli spaces are derived. Strikingly, there exist non-abelian vortex configurations on CP^1, with non-trivial vortex number, for which the moduli space is a point. This is in stark contrast to the moduli space of abelian vortices. For a special class of non-abelian vortices the moduli space is a Grassmannian, and the metric near the Bradlow limit is a natural generalization of the Fubini--Study metric on complex projective space. We use this metric to investigate the statistical mechanics of non-abelian vortices. The partition function is found to be analogous to the one for abelian vortices.Comment: minor corrections; some notation improve

Perturbed Yukawa Textures in the Minimal Seesaw Model

\noindent We revisit the \textit{minimal seesaw model}, i.e., the type-I seesaw mechanism involving only two right-handed neutrinos. % This model represents an important minimal benchmark scenario for future experimental updates on neutrino oscillations. % It features four real parameters that cannot be fixed by the current data: two $CP$-violating phases, $\delta$ and $\sigma$, as well as one complex parameter, $z$, that is experimentally inaccessible at low energies. % The parameter $z$ controls the structure of the neutrino Yukawa matrix at high energies, which is why it may be regarded as a label or index for all UV completions of the minimal seesaw model. % The fact that $z$ encompasses only two real degrees of freedom allows us to systematically scan the minimal seesaw model over all of its possible UV completions. % In doing so, we address the following question: Suppose $\delta$ and $\sigma$ should be measured at particular values in the future---to what extent is one then still able to realize approximate textures in the neutrino Yukawa matrix? % Our analysis, thus, generalizes previous studies of the minimal seesaw model based on the assumption of exact texture zeros. % In particular, our study allows us to assess the theoretical uncertainty inherent to the common texture ansatz. % One of our main results is that a normal light-neutrino mass hierarchy is, in fact, still consistent with a two-zero Yukawa texture, provided that the two texture zeros receive corrections at the level of $\mathcal{O}\left(\textrm{10}\,\%\right)$. % While our numerical results pertain to the minimal seesaw model only, our general procedure appears to be applicable to other neutrino mass models as well.Comment: 30 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables; v2: updated references, extended discussion in the introduction and conclusions, new title, results unchanged, content matches version published in JHE

Symmetric invariant manifolds in the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattice

The Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) lattice with periodic boundary conditions and $n$ particles admits a large group of discrete symmetries. The fixed point sets of these symmetries naturally form invariant symplectic manifolds that are investigated in this short note. For each $k$ dividing $n$ we find $k$ degree of freedom invariant manifolds. They represent short wavelength solutions composed of $k$ Fourier-modes and can be interpreted as embedded lattices with periodic boundary conditions and only $k$ particles. Inside these invariant manifolds other invariant structures and exact solutions are found which represent for instance periodic and quasi-periodic solutions and standing and traveling waves. Some of these results have been found previously by other authors via a study of mode coupling coefficients and recently also by investigating `bushes of normal modes'. The method of this paper is similar to the latter method and much more systematic than the former. We arrive at previously unknown results without any difficult computations. It is shown moreover that similar invariant manifolds exist also in the Klein-Gordon lattice and in the thermodynamic and continuum limits.Comment: 14 pages, 1 figure, accepted for publication in Physica

Amplified Hopf bifurcations in feed-forward networks

In a previous paper, the authors developed a method for computing normal forms of dynamical systems with a coupled cell network structure. We now apply this theory to one-parameter families of homogeneous feed-forward chains with 2-dimensional cells. Our main result is that Hopf bifurcations in such families generically generate branches of periodic solutions with amplitudes growing like $\lambda^{1/2}$, $\lambda^{1/6}$, $\lambda^{1/18}$, etc. Such amplified Hopf branches were previously found by others in a subclass of feed-forward networks with three cells, first under a normal form assumption and later by explicit computations. We explain here how these bifurcations arise generically in a broader class of feed-forward chains of arbitrary length

A ladder of topologically non-trivial non-BPS states

We consider a simple quiver gauge theory with gauge group U(r1) x U(r2) and a Higgs field in the bi-fundamental representation. The back-ground for this theory is a compact K\"ahler manifold M. For a careful but natural choice of Higgs field potential the second order field equations can be replaced with a set of first order BPS equations. We show that the theory admits two energy gaps: The vacuum is topologically trivial but has finite, non-zero energy and is not a BPS state. The second gap lies between the vacuum and the first BPS state. In this gap we find a ladder of states with non-trivial topology, at equidistant energy levels. We give a semi-explicit construction for such topologically non-trivial non-BPS states.Comment: 20 pages, 2 figure

Proof of Nishida's conjecture on anharmonic lattices

We prove Nishida's 1971 conjecture stating that almost all low-energetic motions of the anharmonic Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattice with fixed endpoints are quasi-periodic. The proof is based on the formal computations of Nishida, the KAM theorem, discrete symmetry considerations and an algebraic trick that considerably simplifies earlier results.Comment: 16 pages, 1 figure; accepted for publication in Comm. Math. Phy

A More Reliable Greedy Heuristic for Maximum Matchings in Sparse Random Graphs

We propose a new greedy algorithm for the maximum cardinality matching problem. We give experimental evidence that this algorithm is likely to find a maximum matching in random graphs with constant expected degree c>0, independent of the value of c. This is contrary to the behavior of commonly used greedy matching heuristics which are known to have some range of c where they probably fail to compute a maximum matching