Renminbi misaligned - Results from meta-regressions

We collect data from 29 separate papers estimating the equilibrium level and possible undervaluation of the Chinese currency, the renminbi. These papers yield a total of 97 individual observations on misalignment, which we analyse with the help of meta-analysis. We find that the vast majority of observations point to renminbi undervaluation in recent years and that the undervaluation is more pronounced when the US dollar exchange rate is used instead of the real effective exchange rate. We find several characteristics of papers and authors that clearly seem to influence the reported misalignments. For example, when the author is affiliated with an investment bank, the reported misalignment is smaller. Using time-series techniques also results in lower estimates of undervaluation. On the other hand, refereed journals seemingly are inclined to publish papers that report larger misalignments. Results caution against trusting too much in any one study concerning renminbi undervaluation.equilibrium exchange rate; exchange rate misalignment; meta-analysis; China

Lastensuojelun perhetyö asiakasperheiden näkökulmasta

Opinnäytetyömme tavoitteena oli selvittää mitä lastensuojelun perhetyö on asiakasperheiden kohdalla pitänyt sisällään, mihin he ovat olleet tyytyväisiä ja mitä toiminnassa pitäisi vielä kehittää. Yhteistyökumppaninamme oli yksi eteläpohjalainen keskisuuri maalaiskunta. Haastattelimme tämän kunnan lastensuojelun perhetyön asiakasperheiden vanhempia syksyllä 2014. Teoriaosuudessa tarkastelemme perhetyötä yhtenä lastensuojelun tukimuotona. Määrittelemme perhetyön käsitteen ja kerromme sen perustana olevista lastensuojelun periaatteista sekä kuvaamme asiakasprosessin kulkua. Lisäksi olemme tuoneet teoriaosuudessa esille perheiden haasteita, jotka ovat usein lastensuojeluasiakkuuden taustalla. Tutkimuksemme on toteutettu käyttäen kvalitatiivista tutkimusotetta ja aineistonkeruumenetelmänä teemahaastattelua. Tutkimustulokset osoittivat, että lastensuojelun perhetyö oli asiakasperheiden kohdalla sisältänyt monipuolisia toimintamenetelmiä, joita oli kotikäynneillä toteutettu perhekohtaisten tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi. Toimintamenetelminä oli käytetty muun muassa pelaamista, leikkimistä, leipomista sekä voimauttavaa valokuvausta. Yleisimpiä tavoitteita olivat lasten koulunkäynnin tukeminen, perheenjäsenten vuorovaikutussuhteet ja lasten ikätason mukainen kohtelu. Lastensuojelun perhetyö oli pidetty tukimuoto ja siitä koettiin olevan apua ja hyötyä perheiden erilaisissa elämäntilanteissa. Haastateltavat toivat kuitenkin esille, että perhetyötä ei aina kohdistettu oikein ja työntekijöistä välittyi kiire. Lisäksi toivottiin, että apu olisi nopeammin saatavilla ja koko perhe huomioitaisiin työskentelyssä.The aim of this thesis was to find out the contents of child welfare family work regarding client families, to what extent they have been satisfied and what activities should be further developed. Our partner in this study was one medium-sized rural municipality in South Ostrobothnia. We interviewed the parents of client families in the autumn of 2014. In the theoretical part of this thesis, we analyse family work as one form of support in child protection. The concept of family work is defined, and the background principles are dis-cussed as well. Furthermore, we also describe the flow of client process. In addition, we have brought forward the challenges that families face. These challenges are usually in the background of the child protection customers. Our research has been conducted using qualitative research methods and the data collection method was theme interviews. The research results showed that family work of child protection contains a wide range of methods. These have been used to achieve the objectives in customers’ homes. Action methods were used gaming, playing, baking and empowering photography. The most common targets were educational support for children, the family members of the interactions and children's age level of the treatment. It turned out that family work was an appreciated form of support and it was helpful and useful for families in different life situations. The interviewees brought forward that family work does not always properly aligned and conveyed to employees in a hurry. In addition, it was hoped that help would be available more quickly and the whole family were taken into account in the work

Perhelähtöisyyden toteutuminen lastenpsykiatrian osastolla vanhempien kokemana

Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli kuvata lastenpsykiatrian osastolla hoidossa olleiden lasten vanhempien kokemuksia perhelähtöisyyden toteutumisesta. Tavoitteena oli tuoda esiin vanhempien näkökulmia siitä, mitä hyvää ja mitä haasteellista perhelähtöisyyden toteutumisessa on ollut. Lisäksi vanhemmilta toivottiin kehittämisideoita vanhempien huomioon ottamisessa lapsensa psykiatrisessa hoidossa. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan kvalitatiivinen ja se toteutettiin teemahaastatteluna. Tutkimusaineisto koottiin talvella 2012. Saate tutkimuksesta lähetettiin neljälle (4) vanhemmalle, joiden lapsi oli ollut lastenpsykiatrisella osastolla hoidossa. Tutkimukseen osallistui kuitenkin vain kaksi (N=2) vanhempaa. Tutkimusaineisto analysoitiin aineistolähtöisellä sisällönanalyysillä. Tutkimustulosten mukaan perhelähtöisyyden periaate lasten psykiatrisella osastolla on toteutunut pääsääntöisesti hyvin. Vanhemmat kokivat alkutilanteen positiiviseksi. Myös osaston toiminta ja yhteistyö osaston henkilökunnan kanssa oli koettu myönteisiksi asioiksi. Lisäksi hoidon laatu oli vanhempien mielestä pääsääntöisesti hyvää. Haasteellisiksi asioiksi vanhemmat olivat kokeneet ajoittaiset näkemyserot hoitohenkilökunnan kanssa sekä informaation puutteen. Hoidon resurssit lasten psykiatrisessa hoidossa oli myös koettu haasteelliseksi. Kehitettävinä asioina vanhemmat mainitsivat vanhemman jaksamisen huomioinnin ja informaation lisäämisen. Idea opinnäytetyöhön tuli erään lastenpsykiatrian osaston henkilökunnalta. Opinnäytetyön myötä henkilökunta saa tärkeää tietoa siitä, kuinka perhelähtöisyyden periaate on toteutunut vanhempien kokemana. Tuloksien avulla heidän on mahdollista kehittää toimintaansa. Otoskoon ollessa pieni, tuloksia ei voida kuitenkaan yleistää.The aim of this study was to find out how parents had experienced family cen-tered care on the children’s psychiatric ward at South Karelia Central Hospital. The objective of this study was to bring out parental perspectives about the good aspects as well as the challenges brought about through family centered care. Parents had also the possibility to bring out developmental ideas. This study was qualitative by nature and the research data was collected by theme interviews in winter 2012. A cover letter was sent to four parents, whose child had been in care on the children’s psychiatric ward. There were only two parents who participated in the research, and the data was analyzed with an inductive content analysis. The parents were mostly satisfied with family centered care on the children’s psychiatric ward. They thought that starting situation was positive, and that the activity of the ward and co-operation with the personnel were good. From the parents’ perspective, the quality of care was mainly good. Challenges were found sometimes in lack of information or differences in viewpoints with the caring personnel. They also thought that the resources in the children’s psychiatric care were insufficient. Developmental ideas from the parents included more attention for the parents’ coping and wellbeing, and an increase in information. The idea for this study came from one of staff on the children’s psychiatric ward. By the results of this study, the personnel of the ward get important information about how family centered care has been experienced. This way they can develop their care. Because there were only two parents taking part in this study, the results cannot be generalized

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Recording strategies and selection potential of feed intake measured using the X-ray method in rainbow trout

v2006okBEL/BG

5G standalone network's reliability, one-way latency and packet loss rate analysis for URLLC implementation

5G is the fifth generation technology standard for cellular networks. It has three main application demands, which are Enhanced Mobile Broadband (EMBB), Massive Machine-Type Communications (MMTC) and Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC). URLLC is a very challenging demand to implement, with strict reliability and latency requirements. It has been highly specified by 2022 and 5G vendors are starting to implement basic URLLC features in the near future. The motivation for this thesis is to find ways to make measurements on how a 5G standalone (SA) network performs on key URLLC performance indicators, analyse and visualize these measurements, find reasons for certain network behavior and make estimates on what kind of impact different URLLC features will have when implemented. Furthermore, another motivation is to find a way to detect packet loss and reasons behind it, because packet loss impairs reliability significantly and should be minimized before deploying URLLC features. To measure 5G SA network's performance, four different kind of test cases were identified, in which URLLC type of network traffic is generated. There are static tests done in good coverage and bad coverage from the 5G cell, and mobility tests done by moving from good coverage to bad coverage while attached to the same 5G cell, and a handover test in which the 5G cell is changed. All tests are done in a 5G field verification environment, for both downlink and uplink. For downlink, coverage and mobility inside a cell did not have a meaningful impact to one-way latency. This was mainly because there was no need for packet retransmissions, which would have increased latency. This is promising especially for mobility URLLC use cases such as Vehicle-To-Everything communications (V2X). Uplink performed much weaker, mainly because of uplink resource scheduling and packet retransmissions. Handover was problematic for both downlink and uplink, because of the brief but massive increase in latency caused by the cell change. All packet loss in the measurements happened in uplink transmission, and this thesis includes a case study where different potential factors causing packet loss were consistently eliminated. In the end, the cause for packet loss indicates towards the 5G chipset used for the tests