On the high strain rate behavior of 63-37 Sn-Pb eutectic solders with temperature effects

This study presents experimental results performed on samples of Eutectic solder material (63 wt. % Sn 37 wt. % Pb) loaded at high strain rates and elevated temperatures. The tests were performed at high strain rates using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). The strain rates were in the range of 400 s-1to 1300 s-1. Heating unit was added to conventional SHPB to vary sample' s initial temperature conditions. Tests were conducted at three initial temperatures, i.e. room temperature, 60 °C and 120 °C for compressive mode. The effects of temperature on the behavior of material were compared. Transient temperature changes during dynamic loading conditions are calculated by an analytical approach using measured stress-strain data for plastic work. Test results were fitted into the Johnson-Cook model (JC model). In addition, dynamic tests were performed in tension mode using Split Hopkinson Tensile Bar (SHTB) at room temperature

Orbiting valence quarks and their influence on the structure functions of the nucleon

It is shown that intrinsic orbital motion of the valence quarks has large influences on the spin-dependent as well as the spin-averaged nucleon structure functions. Its connection with the observed ``very small contribution of quark spin to nucleon spin'' and the observed violation of Gottfried sum rule is discussed.Comment: 10 pages (LaTeX) including 3 figure

Fragmentation of a porous viscoelastic material: Implications to magma fragmentation

Fragmentation of vesicular magma by rapid decompression is one of the most likely triggers for explosive eruptions. In this phenomenon the decompression rate and the viscoelastic nature of magma are considered to be key factors. In order to obtain a clear idea on the effects of these two factors, controlled fragmentation experiments have been conducted. These experiments have three advantages. First, the specimen is made of a viscoelastic material with controlled porosity and geometry. Second, the fragmentation process is directly monitored. Finally, both the magnitude and rate of decompression are controlled. Brittle fragmentation and ductile expansion were both observed in the same porous material at different timescales. The various mechanical responses of the specimen (elastic, flow, and fragmentation) were correlated with the pressure profile measured at the base of the specimen. Fragmentation was noted to occur when the decompression exceeded a critical value within a critical time. Two relevant timescales are discussed in terms of physical mechanisms of relaxation. The first is the measured glass transition time. The second is the estimated timescale for the onset of viscous bubble expansion. The observed phenomena bear several similarities with natural magma fragmentation. It is thus considered that the present results are a useful step toward constructing a model for magma fragmentation

Effect of strain rate on the yielding mechanism of amorphous metal foam

Stochastic amorphous Pd_(43)Ni_(10)Cu_(27)P_(20) foams were tested in quasistatic and dynamic loading. The strength/porosity relations show distinct slopes for the two loading conditions, suggesting a strain-rate-induced change in the foam yielding mechanism. The strength/porosity correlation of the dynamic test data along with microscopy assessments support that dynamic foam yielding is dominated by plasticity rather than elastic buckling, the mechanism previously identified to control quasistatic yielding. The strain-rate-induced shift in the foam yielding mechanism is attributed to the rate of loading approaching the rate of sound wave propagation across intracellular membranes, thereby suppressing elastic buckling and promoting plastic yielding