4 Monitoring the use of Kaurna

Trabalho final de mestrado integrado em Medicina, apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra.Introdução: Importância de lesões desportivas relativamente ao futuro e à magnitude problemática nos atletas jovens. Neste momento, existem poucos dados sobre essa matéria. Objetivo: Avaliar de uma forma retrospetiva as lesões desportivas, identificando, caracterizando e comparando as lesões. Métodos: Consultámos os registos existentes no departamento médico de uma equipa de formação de futebol, em dois anos competitivos e identificámos o tipo de lesão e suas caraterísticas. Os registos foram feitos numa folha de dados, onde foi registado: identificação do atleta; data de nascimento; idade; naturalidade; época desportiva; escalão de formação; posição; lesão; localização da lesão; lateralidade da lesão; data da lesão; lesão tipo; lesão traumática ou de sobrecarga; tratamento; tipo de tratamento; tempo de afastamento. Os dados colhidos foram tratados de uma forma anónima e confidencial, preservando a individualidade do atleta. Resultados: Os tipos de lesões mais frequentes foram entorses (16,2%), contusões (13,5%), contraturas (13,5%) e estiramentos (12,2%). A maior parte das lesões foram traumáticas (60,8%), localizadas nos membros inferiores (79,7%) e ocorreram mais nos treinos (74,3%) do que nos jogos. Observou-se também que a prevalência de lesões aumenta gradualmente, à medida que o escalão de formação é superior. Conclusões: Através deste estudo foi possível obter uma noção muito mais concreta do padrão e prevalência de lesões numa equipa de formação de futebol, de modo a poder verificar as que podem ser objeto de prevenção.Background: Importance of sports injuries for the future and for the problematic magnitude in young athletes. There are currently few data on this subject. Objective: To evaluate in a retrospective way the sports injuries, identifying, characterizing and comparing the injury. Methods: We consulted the existing records in the medical department of a youth soccer team in two competitive years and identified the type of injury and its characteristics. Recordings were made on a datasheet, where it was registered: athlete identification; date of birth; age; place of birth; season; youth squad; position; injury; injury location; injury side; injury date; type of injury; traumatic or overload injury; treatment; type of treatment; withdrawal time. The data collected were treated in an anonymous and confidential manner, preserving the individuality of the athlete. Results: The most common types of injuries were sprains (16.2%), contusions (13.5%), contractures (13.5%) and strains (12.2%). The majority of the injuries was traumatic (60.8%), located in the lower limbs (79.7%) and occurred more in training (74.3%) than in matches. It was also observed that the prevalence of injuries gradually increases as the youth squad is higher. Conclusions: Through this study it was possible to obtain a more concrete idea of the pattern and prevalence of youth football team injuries, in order to verify that may be subject to prevention

A new diglossia : contemporary speech varieties at Yirrkala in North East Arnhem land

This subthesis is concerned with one aspect of the sociolinguistic situation at Yirrkala in N.E. Arnhem Land. In particular I shall be looking at the role and structure of a contemporary dialect of Yolngu Matha, Dhuwaya or so called "Baby Gumatj" in relation to other clan dialects. The main purpose of choosing this thesis topic is to lay some linguistic groundwork for the making of an informed decision in regard to the use of Dhuwaya within the bilingual program at Yirrkala Community School. If it is decided to employ Dhuwaya in the earlier grades (which appears to be the case), then guidelines are needed to determine which Dhuwaya forms should be employed. Adult language should be employed to serve as a model. Thus criteria are presented for choosing adult forms in preference to developmental forms. By undertaking research into Dhuwaya, I am not trying to encourage the use of Dhuwaya in any way. On the contrary, by establishing the ways in which Dhuwaya differs from clan languages and by making these differences explicit, any formal language programs undertaken in the school or in the community in the future may utilize these findings. This then would facilitate clan language acquisition by the younger generation. I use the title R New Diglossio in two senses : a) Yirrkala is a diglossic situation not previously described and is a departure from the diglossia originally defined by Ferguson (1959). b) The diglossic situation at Yirrkala appears to have been a recent development and is in fact s till in the making. In this sense it is a new diglossia chronologically. See Section 4.4 for explication. This study is by necessity a somewhat cursory overview. As a Balanda (white Australian) without having previous exposure to Top End Northern Territory communities or to Aboriginal languages of N.E. Arnhem Land3, data collection and transcription proved extremely difficult. This was especially the case because Dhuwaya is a highly stigmatized language variety at Yirrkala. This preliminary study points to the need for an in-depth longitudinal sociolinguistic study. Such a study should prove valuable in understanding issues of language maintenance within the bilingual program at Yirrkala Community School and for educational policies in the isolated homeland centres. Brief chapter summaries are as follows: CHAPTER 1 provides background material including: a) historical, b) sociological and c) linguistic, relevant to the study of Dhuwaya and its sociolinguistic context. Methodology and approach is outlined in 1.6. There are three varieties, Baby Dhuwaya, Deuelopmental Dhuwaya and Rdult Dhuwaya, all subsumed by the labels Dhuwaya or “Baby Gumatj" in common usage. These three varieties have separate identifiable phonological and morphological features. CHAPTER 2 outlines and discusses phonological features of Dhuwaya and makes comparisons between Baby Dhuwaya, Developmental Dhuwaya and Adult Dhuwaya phonology. CHAPTER 3 discusses morphological features of Adult Dhuwaya relative to a) clan dialects and b) Developmental Dhuwaya. Dhuwaya is characterized by specific morphological rules applying to dialect sensitive morphemes; rules which take into account the dialect differences between Dhuwal and Dhuwala dialects. CHAPTER 4 discusses the differences between the three varieties of Dhuwaya and the rationale for differentiating between them. Baby Dhuwaya is a restricted register demonstrating universal characteristics of Baby Talk registers whilst Developmental Dhuwaya is a maturational or child language variety illustrating features typical of developmental varieties universally. Although Developmental Dhuwaya as spoken by very young children shares many features in common with Baby Dhuwaya, there are s till important differences remaining. Adult Dhuwaya functions as a communilect or common language for the younger generation, but belongs specifically to Yirrkala and its homelands. The Yirrkala situation is quite different to other Yolngu communities in N.E. Arnhem Land (e.g. Galiwin’ku where a clan language Djambarrpuyngu has become the communilect.) At Yirrkala Dhuwaya functions as the L (Low) variety in a diglossic situation, where multilingualism is the norm. CHAPTER 5 summarizes the linguistic findings and in the light of these and other sociolinguistic evidence discusses various theories on the origin of Dhuwaya. It differs from other Yolngu Matha dialects in much the same way linguistically as these dialects differ from each other. I conclude that the most likely theory is that Dhuwaya has developed by means of koineization of Eastern Dhuwala/Dhuwal Baby Talk or ‘motherese' and developmental varieties. Dhuwaya is structurally and functionally an almost prototypical koine language variety. The implications for sociolinguistic theory, of this unique diglossic situation in North East Arnhem Land, are discussed briefly. CHAPTER 6 discusses the implications of these findings for the future in terms of a) language maintenance and b) the Yirrkala Community School bilingual education program. I conclude that the linguistic differences between Dhuwaya and other Dhuwala/Dhuwal dialects are really quite minimal. Should the community agree to the use of Dhuwaya in the earlier grades in the school, I am suggesting specific recommendations as to the variety of Dhuwaya to be employed. Adult Dhuwaya forms are better employed and I present criteria for differentiating adult forms from developmental and Baby Talk forms. Several sample texts, chosen for their exemplification of different varieties of Dhuwaya, are included in an appendix

Reclaiming the Kaurna language: a long and lasting collaboration in an urban setting

A long-running collaboration between Kaurna people and linguists in South Australiabegan in 1989 with a songbook. Following annual community workshops and theestablishment of teaching programs, the author embarked on a PhD to research historicalsources and an emerging modern language based on these sources. In response tonumerous requests for names, translations and information, together with Kaurna EldersLewis O’Brien and Alitya Rigney, the author and others formed Kaurna Warra Pintyandi(KWP) in 2002. It is a monthly forum where researchers, and others interested in Kaurnalanguage, can meet with Kaurna people to discuss their concerns. KWP, based at theUniversity of Adelaide, is not incorporated and attendance of meetings is voluntary. Thecommittee has gained a measure of credibility and respect from the Kaurna community,government departments and the public and has recently signed a Memorandum ofUnderstanding with the University of Adelaide. However, KWP and the author sit,uneasily at times, at the intersection between the University and the community. Thispaper explores the nature of collaboration between Kaurna people and researchersthrough KWP in the context of reliance on historical documentation, much of which isopen to interpretation. Linguistics provides some of the skills needed for interpretation ofsource materials. This is complemented by knowledge held by Kaurna people that isknown through oral history, spirituality and intuition.*This paper is in the series The Role of Linguists in Indigenous Community Language Programs in Australia, edited by John Henderson.National Foreign Language Resource Cente

Kaurna reclamation and re-introduction.

Kaurna, a língua das Planícies de Adelaide, foi atingido pelo impacto violento da colonização britânica em 1836. A língua foi sendo perdida ao longo de duas ou três décadas. Felizmente, registros escritos por missionários alemães têm permitido uma notável revitalização da língua Kaurna nos últimos25-30 anos. Kaurna tem, hoje, uma presença audível e visível em Adelaide. O reestabelecimento da transmissão entre gerações está sendo alcançada e há uma forte demanda por professores de Kaurna nas escolas. Na Austrália, Kaurna está na frente dos esforços de revitalização, mostrando o que é possível fazer, a partir de um mínimo de registros e de recursos, para reintroduzir uma línguaadormecida que foi considerada extinta há muito tempo

Beyond all expectations : the work of Lutheran Missionaries from Dresden, Germany amongst Aborigines of South Australia, 1838-1853 : two contributions

Introduction / Katrina Karlapina Power, Greg Lockwood and Gerhard Rüdiger -- Dresden Lutheran Mission work among the Aboriginal people of South Australia 1838-1853 / Christine Lockwood -- Beyond their expectations: Teichelmann and Schürmann's efforts to preserve the Kaurna language continue to bear fruit / Dr. Rob Amery --2nd. edition. The first edition of this book was printed 175 years after the voyage to, and arrival of the first two of four young missionaries from Germany in infant South Australia in 1838. Sent out by the Lutheran Dresden Missionary Society, they commenced living and working with Aboriginal people of what is now known as the Adelaide Plains and two years later, at Encounter Bay and on the Eyre Peninsula. The First Australian people of the Kaurna community, the Ramindjeri / Ngarrindjeri community, and the Barngarla community, trusted these missionaries and taught them their languages, beginning at "Piltawodli" [in the new spelling adopted in 2010: Pirltawardli], on the former native location at the Torrens River, in December 1839. The missionaries recorded their languages systematically, and published three dictionaries hoping that their efforts would help establish a better understanding of the Aboriginal people amongst the white fellow settlers. This did not happen. On the contrary, relations quickly deteriorated. Within 10 years, the missionaries gave up their work due to the lack of financial support and the dispersal of most of the Aboriginal people with whom they had been in contact. As not one of them had converted to Christianity, the Australian mission was considered a failure. However, since the late 1980s, the three dictionaries have come into good use. The Aboriginal people in South Australia, descendants of their forefathers at the time of invasion, use these records to reclaim their languages and thus their culture and identity

Phoenix or Relic? Documentation of Languages with Revitalization in Mind

The description of Indigenous languages has typically focussed on structural properties of languages (phonology, morphology, and syntax). Comparatively little attention has been given to the documentation of language functions or the most commonly occurring speech formulas. Speech formulas are often culturally-specific and idiomatic and cannot be reliably reconstituted from a knowledge of grammar and lexicon alone. Many linguists and lexicographers seem to have an implicit relic view of language, as if they have been trying to capture the “pure” language uncontaminated by language and culture contact. Accordingly, borrowed terms and neologisms are typically omitted or underrepresented in dictionaries. Recorded texts have tended to be myths or texts about traditional culture. Conversations and texts about everyday life, especially in non-traditional contexts, are ignored. How can we ensure that language descriptions are maximally useful, not only to linguists, but to the people most closely associated with the languages, who may wish to revive them? Considerable time is needed to produce a maximally useful description of a language and its uses. Suggestions made here emerge from first-hand experience working with Yolngu and Pintupi people in non-traditional domains, as well as from attempts to re-introduce Kaurna on the basis of nineteenth-century documentation.National Foreign Language Resource Cente

Warraparna Kaurna! Reclaiming an Australian language

This book tells the story of the renaissance of the Kaurna language, the language of Adelaide and the Adelaide Plains in South Australia, principally over the earliest period up until 2000, but with a summary and brief discussion of developments from 2000 until 2016. It chronicles and analyses the efforts of the Nunga community, and interested others, to reclaim and relearn a linguistic heritage on the basis of mid-nineteenth-century materials