Analysis of prehistoric brown earth paleosols under the podzol soils of Exmoor, UK

The deforestation of the upland landscapes in southwest Britain during prehistory is an established archaeological narrative, documenting human impacts on the environment and questioning the relationship of prehistoric societies to the upland landscapes they inhabited. Allied to the paleoenvironmental analyses of pollen sequences, which have provided the evidence of this change, there has been some investigation of prehistoric paleosols fossilized under principally Bronze Age archaeological monuments. These analyses identified brown earth soils that were originally associated with temperate deciduous woodland, on occasion showing evidence of human impacts such as tilling. However, the number of analyses of these paleosols has been limited. This study presents the first analysis of a series of pre‐podzol brown earth paleosols on Exmoor, UK, two of which are associated with colluvial soil erosion sediments before the formation of peat. This study indicates these paleosols are spatially extensive and have considerable potential to inform a more nuanced understanding of prehistoric human impacts on the upland environments of the early‐mid Holocene and assess human agency in driving ecosystem change

Sub-arcsecond high sensitivity measurements of the DG~Tau jet with e-MERLIN

We present very high spatial resolution deep radio continuum observations at 5 GHz (6 cm) made with e-MERLIN of the young stars DG Tau A and B. Assuming it is launched very close (~=1 au) from the star, our results suggest that the DG Tau A outflow initially starts as a poorly focused wind and undergoes significant collimation further along the jet (~=50 au). We derive jet parameters for DG Tau A and find an initial jet opening angle of 86 degrees within 2 au of the source, a mass-loss rate of 1.5x10^-8 solar masses/yr for the ionised component of the jet, and the total ejection/accretion ratio to range from 0.06-0.3. These results are in line with predictions from MHD jet-launching theories.Comment: Accepted MNRAS Letter

Durrington Walls to West Amesbury by way of Stonehenge: a major transformation of the Holocene landscape

A new sequence of Holocene landscape change has been discovered through an investigation of sediment sequences, palaeosols, pollen and molluscan data discovered during the Stonehenge Riverside Project. The early post-glacial vegetational succession in the Avon valley at Durrington Walls was apparently slow and partial, with intermittent woodland modification and the opening-up of this landscape in the later Mesolithic and earlier Neolithic, though a strong element of pine lingered into the third millennium BC. There appears to have been a major hiatus around 2900 cal BC, coincident with the beginnings of demonstrable human activities at Durrington Walls, but slightly after activity started at Stonehenge. This was reflected in episodic increases in channel sedimentation and tree and shrub clearance, leading to a more open downland, with greater indications of anthropogenic activity, and an increasingly wet floodplain with sedges and alder along the river’s edge. Nonetheless, a localized woodland cover remained in the vicinity of DurringtonWalls throughout the third and second millennia BC, perhaps on the higher parts of the downs, while stable grassland, with rendzina soils, predominated on the downland slopes, and alder–hazel carr woodland and sedges continued to fringe the wet floodplain. This evidence is strongly indicative of a stable and managed landscape in Neolithic and Bronze Age times. It is not until c 800–500 cal BC that this landscape was completely cleared, except for the marshy-sedge fringe of the floodplain, and that colluvial sedimentation began in earnest associated with increased arable agriculture, a situation that continued through Roman and historic times

Pre-Hispanic anthropogenic wetlands in the upper Ica drainage, south-central Andes: dating and context

Humans have engineered their environmentsthroughout the Holocene, especially in the constructionof hydraulic infrastructure. In many regions,however, this infrastructure is difficult to date, includingthe vestiges of water-management systems in theAndean highlands. Focusing on silt reservoirs in theupper Ica drainage, Peru, the authors use cores andradiocarbon dates to demonstrate the pre-Hispanicconstruction of walls to enhance and expand wetlandsfor camelid pasture. Interventions dated to the Incaperiod (AD 1400?1532) indicate an intensificationof investment in hydraulic infrastructure to expandproduction capacity in support of the state. Theresults are discussed in the context of the hydraulicstrategies of other states and empires.Fil: Lane, Kevin John. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto de las Culturas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de las Culturas; ArgentinaFil: Beresford Jones, David. Universitat Bonn; AlemaniaFil: Coll, Luis Vicente Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto de las Culturas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de las Culturas; ArgentinaFil: Marsh, Erik Johnson. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas; ArgentinaFil: Scaife, Rob. University of Southampton; Reino UnidoFil: Greco Mainero, Mariano Catriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Oros, Oliver Huaman. Ministerio de Cultura; PerúFil: Herrera, Alexander. Universidad de Los Andes; ColombiaFil: Grant Lett Brown, Jennifer Luisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación. Dirección Nacional de Cultura y Museos. Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano; ArgentinaFil: French, Charles. University of Cambridge; Estados Unido

Radio Continuum Surveys with Square Kilometre Array Pathfinders

In the lead-up to the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project, several next-generation radio telescopes and upgrades are already being built around the world. These include APERTIF (The Netherlands), ASKAP (Australia), e-MERLIN (UK), VLA (USA), e-EVN (based in Europe), LOFAR (The Netherlands), MeerKAT (South Africa), and the Murchison Widefield Array. Each of these new instruments has different strengths, and coordination of surveys between them can help maximise the science from each of them. A radio continuum survey is being planned on each of them with the primary science objective of understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies over cosmic time, and the cosmological parameters and large-scale structures which drive it. In pursuit of this objective, the different teams are developing a variety of new techniques, and refining existing ones. To achieve these exciting scientific goals, many technical challenges must be addressed by the survey instruments. Given the limited resources of the global radio-astronomical community, it is essential that we pool our skills and knowledge. We do not have sufficient resources to enjoy the luxury of re-inventing wheels. We face significant challenges in calibration, imaging, source extraction and measurement, classification and cross-identification, redshift determination, stacking, and data-intensive research. As these instruments extend the observational parameters, we will face further unexpected challenges in calibration, imaging, and interpretation. If we are to realise the full scientific potential of these expensive instruments, it is essential that we devote enough resources and careful study to understanding the instrumental effects and how they will affect the data. We have established an SKA Radio Continuum Survey working group, whose prime role is to maximise science from these instruments by ensuring we share resources and expertise across the projects. Here we describe these projects, their science goals, and the technical challenges which are being addressed to maximise the science return

Distal cryptotephra records in the Falkland Islands refine South American tephrochronology

Cryptotephra (non-visible volcanic ash) deposits in the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) provide a distal record of South American volcanism and ash dispersal into the South Atlantic Ocean. Here, we present three new cryptotephra records from peatlands in the archipelago and use these data to refine the age estimates of key regional tephra isochrons. Major-minor-trace element glass geochemistry and high-resolution radiocarbon chronologies were used to correlate cryptotephra deposits with known explosive eruptions at Reclus volcano (R1), Monte Burney and Hudson volcano (H2). We also identify cryptotephra deposits likely originating from Chaitén volcano, the Antillanca volcanic complex and two Mid Holocene eruptions of Aguilera volcano. Careful examination of major-minor element data from tephras linked with Monte Burney MB1 demonstrates discrepancies between medial and distal deposits preserved in Patagonia, Laguna Potrok Aike and the Falkland Islands. These suggest that two Early Holocene tephra deposits from Monte Burney may be widely distributed. Our integrated Bayesian age-depth model refines the median ages of Hudson H2 (4230–3775 calibrated years before present; cal yr BP), deposits from Monte Burney (as viewed from the Falkland Islands, 9540-9455 cal yr BP) and Reclus volcano R1 (14,800-14,060 cal yr BP). We also propose that the age of Aguilera A1 is older than previously suggested and dates to 4390-4150 cal yr BP. Our expanded geochemical dataset of volcanic glasses and new age constraints for these isochrons aid distal and near source tephra correlations and complement the current tephrochronological framework of the region

Pre-Hispanic anthropogenic wetlands in the upper Ica drainage, south-central Andes: dating and context

Fil: Lane, Kevin John. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de las Culturas; ArgentinaFil: Beresford Jones, David. Universitat Bonn; AlemaniaFil: Coll, Luis Vicente Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de las Culturas; ArgentinaFil: Marsh, Erik Johnson. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas; ArgentinaFil: Scaife, Rob. University of Southampton; Reino UnidoFil: Greco Mainero, Mariano Catriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Greco Mainero, Mariano Catriel. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Oros, Oliver Huaman. Ministerio de Cultura. Proyecto Qhapaq Ñan; PerúFil: Herrera, Alexander. Universidad de Los Andes. Departamento de Historia del Arte; ColombiaFil: Grant Lett Brown, Jennifer Luisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Grant Lett Brown, Jennifer Luisa. Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación. Dirección Nacional de Cultura y Museos. Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano; ArgentinaFil: French, Charles. University of Cambridge; Reino UnidoHumans have engineered their environments throughout the Holocene, especially in the construction of hydraulic infrastructure. In many regions, however, this infrastructure is difficult to date, including the vestiges of water-management systems in the Andean highlands. Focusing on silt reservoirs in the upper Ica drainage, Peru, the authors use cores and radiocarbon dates to demonstrate the pre-Hispanic construction of walls to enhance and expand wetlands for camelid pasture. Interventions dated to the Inca period (AD 1400–1532) indicate an intensification of investment in hydraulic infrastructure to expand production capacity in support of the state. The results are discussed in the context of the hydraulic strategies of other states and empires.Lane, K. J., Beresford Jones, D., Coll, L. V. J., Marsh, E. J., Scaife, R., Greco Mainero, M. C., Oros, O. H., Herrera, A., Grant Lett Brown, J. L. y French, C. (2022). Pre-Hispanic anthropogenic wetlands in the upper Ica drainage, south-central Andes: Dating and context. Antiquity, 96(389), 1251-1271

Pre-Hispanic anthropogenic wetlands in the upper Ica drainage, south-central Andes: dating and context

Fil: Lane, Kevin John. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de las Culturas; ArgentinaFil: Beresford Jones, David. Universitat Bonn; AlemaniaFil: Coll, Luis Vicente Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de las Culturas; ArgentinaFil: Marsh, Erik Johnson. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas; ArgentinaFil: Scaife, Rob. University of Southampton; Reino UnidoFil: Greco Mainero, Mariano Catriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Greco Mainero, Mariano Catriel. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Oros, Oliver Huaman. Ministerio de Cultura. Proyecto Qhapaq Ñan; PerúFil: Herrera, Alexander. Universidad de Los Andes. Departamento de Historia del Arte; ColombiaFil: Grant Lett Brown, Jennifer Luisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Grant Lett Brown, Jennifer Luisa. Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación. Dirección Nacional de Cultura y Museos. Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano; ArgentinaFil: French, Charles. University of Cambridge; Reino UnidoHumans have engineered their environments throughout the Holocene, especially in the construction of hydraulic infrastructure. In many regions, however, this infrastructure is difficult to date, including the vestiges of water-management systems in the Andean highlands. Focusing on silt reservoirs in the upper Ica drainage, Peru, the authors use cores and radiocarbon dates to demonstrate the pre-Hispanic construction of walls to enhance and expand wetlands for camelid pasture. Interventions dated to the Inca period (AD 1400–1532) indicate an intensification of investment in hydraulic infrastructure to expand production capacity in support of the state. The results are discussed in the context of the hydraulic strategies of other states and empires.Lane, K. J., Beresford Jones, D., Coll, L. V. J., Marsh, E. J., Scaife, R., Greco Mainero, M. C., Oros, O. H., Herrera, A., Grant Lett Brown, J. L. y French, C. (2022). Pre-Hispanic anthropogenic wetlands in the upper Ica drainage, south-central Andes: Dating and context. Antiquity, 96(389), 1251-1271

Early to Middle Bronze Age agricultural terraces in north-east England : morphology, dating and cultural implications

Terracing is found widely in the Mediterranean and in other hilly and mountainous regions of the world. Yet while archaeological attention to these ‘mundane' landscape features has grown, they remain understudied, particularly in Northern Europe. Here, the authors present a multidisciplinary study of terraces in the Breamish Valley, Northumberland. The results date their construction to the Early to Middle Bronze Age, when they were built by cutting back the hillside, stone clearance and wall construction. Environmental evidence points to their use for cereal cultivation. The authors suggest that the construction and use of these terraces formed part of an Early to Middle Bronze Age agricultural intensification, which may have been both demographically and culturally driven

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery