Organizing Violence

In stateless societies, coercion is privately provided; violence is employed to engage in, and to defend against, predation. At best, violence results in mere redistribution; being destructive, it more often results in a loss of social welfare. When organized, however, violence can be socially productive; it can be employed to defend property rights, thereby strengthening the incentives to engage in productive activity. To explore how violence can be rendered a source of welfare, the authors develop a model of a stateless society in which people's rights to the product of their labor are secure only if they possess coercive capabilities. Using case materials and formal logic, the authors then compare this outcome with that obtained when private agents reward specialists in violence for defending property rights. In doing so, we plumb the role of the state.African and African American StudiesGovernmen

Probing nearest-neighbor correlations of ultracold fermions in an optical lattice

We demonstrate a probe for nearest-neighbor correlations of fermionic quantum gases in optical lattices. It gives access to spin and density configurations of adjacent sites and relies on creating additional doubly occupied sites by perturbative lattice modulation. The measured correlations for different lattice temperatures are in good agreement with an ab initio calculation without any fitting parameters. This probe opens new prospects for studying the approach to magnetically ordered phases.Comment: 4 figure

Lifetime of double occupancies in the Fermi-Hubbard model

We investigate the decay of artificially created double occupancies in a repulsive Fermi-Hubbard system in the strongly interacting limit using diagrammatic many-body theory and experiments with ultracold fermions on optical lattices. The lifetime of the doublons is found to scale exponentially with the ratio of the on-site repulsion to the bandwidth. We show that the dominant decay process in presence of background holes is the excitation of a large number of particle hole pairs to absorb the energy of the doublon. We also show that the strongly interacting nature of the background state is crucial in obtaining the correct estimate of the doublon lifetime in these systems. The theoretical estimates and the experimental data are in fair quantitative agreement

The Analytical Narrative Project

African and African American StudiesGovernmen

Analytic Narratives Revisited

African and African American StudiesGovernmen

Hospital and Blood Bank Liability to Patients Who Contract AIDS through Blood Transfusions

This Comment examines the possible theories of recovery available to persons who contract AIDS through blood transfusions. The author examines the medical and statistical data regarding AIDS and how this data may affect liability and recovery under the theories of negligence, strict products liability, and breach of implied warranty. The author concludes that negligence provides the only viable means of recovery for transfusion-infected persons

Apneic oxygenation in pediatric anesthesia

Purpose of review Apneic oxygenation is increasingly used in pediatric anesthesia. Its benefit for specific applications depends on the effect of apneic oxygenation on safe apnea time and carbon dioxide (CO$_{2}$) elimination, on differences between low and high flow oxygen delivery, and on possible adverse effects. The present review summarizes current evidence on these pathophysiological aspects of apneic oxygenation as well as its applications in pediatric anesthesia. Recent findings Apneic oxygenation with both low flow and high flow nasal oxygen increases the safe apnea time, but does not lead to increased CO$_{2}$ elimination. Airway pressures and adverse effects like atelectasis formation, oxidative stress and aerosol generation under apneic oxygenation are not well studied in pediatric anesthesia. Data from adults suggest no important effect on airway pressures when the mouth is open, and no significant formation of atelectasis, oxidative stress or aerosol generation with high flow nasal oxygen. Summary Apneic oxygenation in pediatric anesthesia is mainly used during standard and difficult airway management. It is sometimes used for airway interventions, but CO$_{2}$ accumulation remains a major limiting factor in this setting. Reports highlight the use of high flow nasal oxygen in spontaneously breathing rather than in apneic children for airway interventions