Benthic estuarine communities in Brazil: moving forward to long term studies to assess climate change impacts

Estuaries are unique coastal ecosystems that sustain and provide essential ecological services for mankind. Estuarine ecosystems include a variety of habitats with their own sediment-fauna dynamics, all of them globally undergoing alteration or threatened by human activities. Mangrove forests, saltmarshes, tidal flats and other confined estuarine systems are under increasing stress due to human activities leading to habitat and species loss. Combined changes in estuarine hydromorphology and in climate pose severe threats to estuarine ecosystems on a global scale. The ReBentos network is the first integrated attempt in Brazil to monitor estuarine changes in the long term to detect and assess the effects of global warming. This paper is an initial effort of ReBentos to review current knowledge on benthic estuarine ecology in Brazil. We herein present and synthesize all published work on Brazilian estuaries that has focused on the description of benthic communities and related ecological processes. We then use current data on Brazilian estuaries and present recommendations for future studies to address climate change effects, suggesting trends for possible future research and stressing the need for long-term datasets and international partnerships.Estuários são ecossistemas costeiros que sustentam uma ampla variedade de serviços ambientais para a humanidade. Estuários abrigam muitos ambientes bentônicos com características específicas e seriamente ameaçados globalmente. Manguezais, marismas e planícies de maré são amplamente impactados por poluentes domésticos e industriais, por atividades comerciais que levam à perda de habitat e pela sobrepesca. Os diversos impactos locais, associados a mudanças regionais e globais na hidromorfologia estuarina e potenciais efeitos de mudanças climáticas, colocam sérias ameaças a ecossistemas estuarinos. A rede Bentos foi criada para estudar o efeito de mudanças no clima em ecossistemas bentônicos costeiros brasileiros. Este trabalho faz parte dos esforços iniciais do Grupo de Trabalho Estuários em rever o conhecimento sobre comunidades bentônicas estuarinas no Brasil. Aqui apresentamos uma breve revisão crítica sobre os trabalhos realizados objetivando o estudo, em nível de comunidades, do bentos estuarino e processos ecológicos associados. A partir do cenário atual, realizamos recomendações de estudo para responder questões científicas sobre efeitos de mudanças climáticas em comunidades bentônicas estuarinas, e enfatizamos a necessidade de bases de dados contínuas e de longa duração e o estabelecimento de parcerias internacionais com foco específico nos estuários brasileiros

Neonatal screening for MPS disorders in Latin America : a survey of pilot initiatives

Newborn screening enables the diagnosis of treatable disorders at the early stages, and because of its countless benefits, conditions have been continuously added to screening panels, allowing early intervention, aiming for the prevention of irreversible manifestations and even premature death. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are lysosomal storage disorders than can benefit from an early diagnosis, and thus are being recommended for newborn screening. They are multisystemic progressive disorders, with treatment options already available for several MPS types. MPS I was the first MPS disorder enrolled in the newborn screening (NBS) panel in the USA and a few other countries, and other MPS types are expected to be added. Very few studies about NBS for MPS in Latin America have been published so far. In this review, we report the results of pilot studies performed in Mexico and Brazil using different methodologies: tandem mass spectrometry, molecular analysis, digital microfluidics, and fluorimetry. These experiences are important to report and discuss, as we expect to have several MPS types added to NBS panels shortly. This addition will enable timely diagnosis of MPS, avoiding the long diagnostic odyssey that is part of the current natural history of this group of diseases, and leading to a better outcome for the affected patients

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

An integrated framework for modelling respiratory disease transmission and designing surveillance networks using a sentinel index

Defining epidemiologically relevant placements for sentinel units is critical for establishing effective health surveillance systems. We propose a novel methodology to identify optimal sentinel unit locations using network approaches and metapopulation modelling. Disease transmission dynamics were modelled using syndromic data on respiratory diseases, integrated with road mobility data. A generalizable sentinel index is introduced as a metric that evaluates the suitability of a site to host a sentinel unit, based on topological metrics and metapopulation dynamics. A case study using syndromic data from primary health care attendances in Bahia, Brazil, validated the relevance of existing sentinel units while identifying opportunities for local re-designs to improve disease surveillance coverage

Combining machine learning and dynamic system techniques to early detection of respiratory outbreaks in routinely collected primary healthcare records

Background: Methods that enable early outbreak detection represent powerful tools in epidemiological surveillance, allowing adequate planning and timely response to disease surges. Syndromic surveillance data collected from primary healthcare encounters can be used as a proxy for the incidence of confirmed cases of respiratory diseases. Deviations from historical trends in encounter numbers can provide valuable insights into emerging diseases with the potential to trigger widespread outbreaks. Methods: Unsupervised machine learning methods and dynamical systems concepts were combined into the Mixed Model of Artificial Intelligence and Next-Generation (MMAING) ensemble, which aims to detect early signs of outbreaks based on primary healthcare encounters. We used data from 27 Brazilian health regions, which cover 41% of the country’s territory, from 2017-2023 to identify anomalous increases in primary healthcare encounters that could be associated with an epidemic onset. Our validation approach comprised (i) a comparative analysis across Brazilian capitals; (ii) an analysis of warning signs for the COVID-19 period; and (iii) a comparison with related surveillance methods (namely EARS C1, C2, C3) based on real and synthetic labeled data. Results: The MMAING ensemble demonstrated its effectiveness in early outbreak detection using both actual and synthetic data, outperforming other surveillance methods. It successfully detected early warning signals in synthetic data, achieving a probability of detection of 86%, a positive predictive value of 85%, and an average reliability of 79%. When compared to EARS C1, C2, and C3, it exhibited superior performance based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve results on synthetic data. When evaluated on real-world data, MMAING performed on par with EARS C2. Notably, the MMAING ensemble accurately predicted the onset of the four waves of the COVID-19 period in Brazil, further validating its effectiveness in real-world scenarios. Conclusion: Identifying trends in time series data related to primary healthcare encounters indicated the possibility of developing a reliable method for the early detection of outbreaks. MMAING demonstrated consistent identification capabilities across various scenarios, outperforming established reference methods

Natureza de anticorpos precipitantes específicos da paracoccidioidomicose (blastomicose Sul-Americana), revelados por contra-imunoeletroforese

Os Autores estudaram soros de 20 pacientes, portadores de paracoccidioidomicose (blastomicose Sul-Americana), utilizando coluna de Sephadex G-200 para a separação das imunoglobulinas e o método de contra-imunoeletroforese em agarose para a verificação de anticorpos específicos aos fungos. Como antígeno usaram culturas de Paracoccidioides em fase de levedura, tratadas por ultra-som. Os soros dos pacientes que apresentaram 1, 2, 3 ou 4 linhas de precipitação foram separados em coluna e as frações obtidas foram concentradas e examinadas em contra-imunoeletroforese, com o antígeno citado. Verificaram, assim, que apenas as frações com teor conveniente de imunoglobulinas IgG reproduziram os achados obtidos com os soros totais correspondentes; as frações com teor normal de IgA e IgM e com quantidade pequena ou nula de IgG não produziram linha de precipitação. Concluem que os anticorpos precipitantes em gel específicos do Paracoccidioides são do tipo IgG

Immunodominant Antigens of Leishmania chagasi Associated with Protection against Human Visceral Leishmaniasis

One of the most striking features of infection by Leishmania chagasi is that infection leads to a spectrum of clinical outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infection to active disease. The existence of asymptomatic infected people has served as an incentive to believe that an effective vaccine is possible, but unfortunately no successful immunological characterization of such cases was obtained. Patients recovered from visceral leishmaniasis show a similar immunological profile to asymptomatic infected individuals and both exhibit a strong cell-mediated immune response against Leishmania antigens and are resistant to disease. Since the past decade several approaches were undertaken to try to shed light on the immunological profile associated with such “resistance” to infections, notwithstanding antigenic recognition profile associated to resistance to infection was not successfully explored. In the present manuscript we describe a specific IgG recognizing pattern associated with resistant individuals (asymptomatic infected people and recovery patients to visceral leishmaniasis). These data highlight the possibility of using specific proteins in serological tests for the identification of asymptomatic infected individuals