Direct Evidence of Dividend Tax Clienteles

We study a large data set of stock portfolios held by individuals and organizations in the Swedish stock market. The dividend yields on these port-folios are systematically related to investors' relative tax preferences for dividends versus capital gains. Tax-neutral investors earn 40 basis points higher dividend yield on their portfolios than investors which face higher effective taxation of dividends than capital gains. We conclude that there are dividend tax clienteles in the market. We also argue that the abundant portfolio holdings by private corporations, despite triple taxation at a combined marginal tax rate as high as 77.5%, is a consequence of taxation.Tax incidence; dividend tax clienteles; capital gains tax; stock ownership

Hästens behov av vitamin A, D och E i foderstaten

Vitaminer är essentiella komponenter som medverkar i olika processer i kroppen. Hästens vitaminbehov beror på ålder, träning, laktation, dräktighet och tillväxt. Underkott av ett vitamin kan resultera i olika bristsjukdomar, vilka kan vara dödliga. Idag marknadsförs dyra vitaminkoncentrat som ett komplement till den befintliga vitaminhalten i foderstaten. Innan utfodring av dessa koncentrat är det viktigt att veta om hästen har ett behov av vitaminkoncentrat eller om de leder till överutfodring. Ett grovfoders vitaminbehov kan påverkas genom vilken vallinbladning som används då vissa gräsarter och baljväxter är mer vitaminrika än andra. Ensilage har bevisats bevara halten vitamin A och E bättre än hö, men däremot innehåller hö en högre halt vitamin D. Försök har påvisat att plasmanivåer av vitamin A, D och E är säsongsvarierande med lägre halt under vinterhalvåret, därmed är tillskottsutfodring av vitaminkoncentrat mer relevant under vinterhalvåret. Denna kandidatuppsats undersöker olika funktioner hos vitamin A, D och E och dess förekomst i grovfoder. Rekommendationer angående hästens vitaminbehov har sammanställts och diskuterats utifrån dess trovärdighet och huruvida ett vitamintillskott är nödvändigt.Vitamin A, D and E are essential components in the body and contribute in many biochemical and metabolic reactions. The horse’s need of vitamins depend on several factors such as: age, level of exercise, lactation, gestation and growth. Shortage of a certain vitamin could cause several deficiency diseases. Today there are several vitamin supplements available at the market promising their product to be the best one for the horse. But before this supplements are fed to the horse it is important to know if the horse really requires a supplement of vitamins or if there is a risk of overfeeding to toxic levels. Forage vitamin content could be influenced by different factors, such as which species of plants the forages contains. For example, leguminous plant contents more vitamins than different grasses. It has been proved that silage contains a higher level of caroteniod and tocopherol than hay, but hay contains a higher level of ergosterol, the provitamin of vitamin D2. Different levels of vitamin A, D and E has been detected in plasma during different seasons, where the levels in plasma were higher during the summer than in the winter. This bachelor thesis review different functions in vitamin A, D and E and their occurrence in forage. Available feeding recommendations concerning a horse need of vitamin A, D and E have been put together in purpose to discuss if a supplement of a vitamin supplement is needed in the feeding plan

Perfect partial reconstructions for multiple simultaneous sources

A major focus of research in the seismic industry of the past two decades has been the acquisition and subsequent separation of seismic data using multiple sources fired simultaneously. The recently introduced method of {\it signal apparition} provides a new take on the problem by replacing the random time-shifts usually employed to encode the different sources by fully deterministic periodic time-shifts. In this paper we give a mathematical proof showing that the signal apparition method results in optimally large regions in the frequency-wavenumber space where exact separation of sources is achieved. These regions are diamond-shaped and we prove that using any other method of source encoding results in strictly smaller regions of exact separation. The results are valid for arbitrary number of sources. Numerical examples for different number of sources (three resp.~four sources) demonstrate the exact recovery of these diamond-shaped regions. The theoretical proofs' implementation in the field is illustrated by the results of a conducted field test.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures. Expanded Section 3 with an additional numerical experiment and the results of a field test. Added reference

The sustainability of communicative packaging concepts in the food supply chain. A case study: part 1. Life cycle assessment

Purpose In recent years, a new perspective for food packaging has emerged as a result of several issues like quality, safety, competitive prices or providing of useful information to consumers. This new perspective is called communicative packaging. Communicative packaging may influence consumers/companies on purchasing decisions. Since the environmental evaluation of such systems has not yet been performed, this paper is focused on the environmental evaluation of a flexible best-before-date (FBBD) communicative device on a packaging consumer unit and its implications on reducing environmental impacts related to fresh products. This consumer unit consists of a nanoclay-based polylactic acid tray filled with pork chops. Methods The environmental assessment of the consumer unit was made through life cycle assessment (LCA) using a cradle-to-gate approach. Environmental impacts were assessed according to the Eco-Indicator 99 v 2.1 methodology in Individualist (I) perspective. Results and discussion Several results were obtained from the LCA. With regard to environmental impacts of the FBBD, most of them were due to the paper substrate used for the manufacture of this communicative packaging concept as well as to the transports for delivering the components of the FBBD communicative device. On the other hand, when environmental impacts of packaging system with and without FBBD were compared, a large environmental load was detected for the system that has the communicative device affixed as a result of the higher weight of the package. However, the environmental load caused by the use of the FBBD was minimal in comparison with the total environmental load of the whole packaging system. On the contrary, the consumer unit that has the communicative device affixed showed less environmental burden than the consumer unit that has not affixed the device. This was due to the environmental benefits that the communicative device provides by reducing the amount of out-of-date packaged products at retailer outlets. Conclusions The use of a FBBD contributes to minimize environmental burdens related to the production, packaging and delivery of pork chops since it facilitates a dynamic control of out-of-date products even though the consumer unit with FBBD weighs 1 g more than the consumer unit that does not use the communicative device. Recommendations The results presented in this paper are estimated results of a specific case study for a prototype of communicative packaging device. Consequently, these results must be considered as a first approach according to future developments on communicative packaging

Modeling of Wave Propagation in Inhomogeneous Media

We present a methodology providing a new perspective on modeling and inversion of wave propagation satisfying time-reversal invariance and reciprocity in generally inhomogeneous media. The approach relies on a representation theorem of the wave equation to express the Green function between points in the interior as an integral over the response in those points due to sources on a surface surrounding the medium. Following a predictable initial computational effort, Green’s functions between arbitrary points in the medium can be computed as needed using a simple cross-correlation algorithm

Yrkesidentitet i sjukvård position, person och kön

To improve opportunities for targeted organizational development work in the Swedish health-care sector, the occupation-specific and shared problems of physicians, registered nurses and assistant nurses were examined in a project called "Occupational Identity in Health Care". The aim of the project was : in the light of the prevailing work-organizational setting and gender structure in Swedish health care : to provide a picture of the occupational identities of physicians, registered nurses, and assistant nurses. The point of departure for the investigation was that identity formation is a process of identification and differentiation that takes place in constantly ongoing negotiations and reconstructions within various routine social contexts. Actions and experiences : based in part on shared collegial conceptions concerning frames of reference for the work, and in part on internal principles of practice : have, in terms of their person and position orientation, been interpreted as expressions of occupational identity. Results are based on data obtained from participant observations, diaries and interviews, all of which have been subjected to content analysis. The study shows that there are major contrasts between the occupational identities of physicians, registered nurses, and assistant nurses. Physicians relate to the organization and describe their work from a perspective that has their own occupational position in focus; registered nurses have both a "person" and a "position" perspective; while assistant nurses virtually exclusively adopt a stance based on their own person. The study suggests that a historically conditioned process : one that sustains occupational inequalities in health care : lives on through the mutual conception that the occupations concerned can be defined within a medically defined hierarchy. The expressions of physicians and registered nurses reveal that they see their positions within the confines of a linear, hierarchical system. with the feature that the skills of their own occupational groups both encompass and build upon those of another. By contrast, assistant nurses : as an analogy to their person orientation : regard their position as "invisible", with few concrete features apart from that of being "the lowest". This disguises the fact that there is a considerable degree of parallelism, in the sense of there being skills that are different in kind between the occupations, and that the expertise possessed at the lowest "female" level is not afforded scope to develop and be integrated into the organization. The study offers no evidence of any kind to justify the division of work between the genders that currently prevails. For an efficient health-care organization to be possible, "occupational cultures" must encounter and be more equally integrated into the organization. This has to take place on the terms of direct carers to a far greater extent than has hitherto been the case. In turn, it requires fundamental structural and attitudinal change, which : so far : has seldom been taken as a point of departure for work for change and development in the health-care arena.För att öka förutsättningarna för målinriktat utvecklingsarbete inom sjukvården har läkares, sjuksköterskors och undersköterskors specifika och gemensamma problem och arbetsvillkor studerats i projektet "Yrkesidentitet i Sjukvård". Projektet syftade till, att mot bakgrund av den rådande arbetsorganisatoriska kontexten och könsstrukturen i sjukvården, ge en bild av läkares, sjuksköterskors och undersköterskors yrkesidentiteter. Undersökningens utgångspunkt var att identitetsbildning är en process av identifikation och differentiering, vilken sker i ständiga förhandlingar och rekonstruktioner i olika rutinmässiga sociala sammanhang. Handlingar och upplevelser, som utgår ifrån dels kollegialt delade föreställningar om referensramarna för arbetet, dels inre principer för praktiken, har i termer av person- och positionsorientering tolkats som uttryck för yrkesidentitet. Resultaten baseras på data från deltagande observationer, dagböcker och intervjuer, vilka analyserats med avseende på meningsinnehåll. Undersökningen visar att "läkarens", "sjuksköterskans" och "undersköterskans" yrkesidentiteter starkt skiljer sig åt. Läkaren förhåller sig till organisationen och beskriver sin arbetssituation utifrån ett perspektiv som har den egna yrkesmässiga positionen i fokus, sjuksköterskan utifrån både sin position och sin person medan undersköterskan nästan uteslutande använder ett perspektiv som utgår ifrån den egna personen. Undersökningen visar att en historiskt betingad process, av att upprätthålla skillnad i sjukvården, bl a fortlever genom den ömsesidiga föreställningen om att yrkena kan inordnas i en medicinskt definierad hierarki. Läkaren och sjuksköterskan ger uttryck för att de ser sina positioner i ett linjärt, hierarkiskt system, som utmärks av att den egna yrkeskategorins kompetens inkluderar och bygger på en annans. Undersköterskan upplever, i analogi med sin personorientering, sin position som "osynlig" med få konkreta karakteristiska annat än som "den lägsta". Detta osynliggör att det finns en betydande grad av parallellitet, i bemärkelsen artskilda kompetenser, mellan yrkena och att den kunskap, som finns på den lägsta "kvinnliga" nivån, inte bereds utrymme för att i den positionen utvecklas och integreras i organisationen. Undersökningen ger vidare inga belägg för att det skulle finnas skäl som talar för den i sjukvården rådande könsarbetsdelningen. För att möjliggöra en effektiv organisation måste "yrkeskulturerna" mötas och integreras. I sjukvården gäller att detta mer måste ske på vårdarbetarnas villkor än vad som hittills varit fallet. För detta krävs grundläggande strukturella och attitydmässiga förändring, vilket hittills sällan har tagits som utgångspunkt för förändringsarbete i sjukvården