33 research outputs found

    Low doses of ochratoxin A induce micronucleus formation and delay DNA repair in human lymphocytes

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    The contamination of food commodities by fungal toxins has attracted great interest because many of these mycotoxins are responsible for different diseases, including cancer and other chronic illnesses. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin naturally present in food, and long-term exposure to food contaminated with low levels of OTA has been associated with renal cancer. In the present study, the cytotoxicity, cytostaticity, and genotoxicity of OTA (0.075-15 μM) in human lymphocytes were evaluated. A comet assay, a modified comet assay (DNA repair assay), which uses N-hydroxyurea (NHU) to detect nonrepaired lesions produced by OTA, and a cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay were used. Treatments with OTA were not cytotoxic, but OTA caused a cytostatic effect in human lymphocytes at a concentration of 15 μM. OTA (0.075-5 μM) produced a slight increase in the percentage of DNA in the comets and a delay in the DNA repair capacity of the lymphocytes. Micronucleus (MN) induction was observed at OTA concentrations of 1.5 and 5 μM. Our results indicate that OTA induces DNA stable damage at low doses that are neither cytotoxic nor cytostatic, and OTA delays the DNA repair kinetics. These findings indicate that OTA affects two pivotal events in the carcinogenesis pathway.The authors are grateful to the Spanish (Project AGL2011-24862) and Catalonian (XaRTA-Reference Network on Food Technology) Governments for their financial support. C.A. González-Arias thanks the Secretaria de Universitats i Recerca del Departament de Economia i Coneixement of the Generalitat de Catalunya for the pre-doctoral grant. The authors also thank Q.F.B. Guillermina Vázquez Estrada, Francisco Alberto Verdín Betancourt, and Carlos Alberto Martínez Delgado for their technical assistance

    PRESENCIA DE ARSÉNICO Y COLIFORMES EN AGUA POTABLE DEL MUNICIPIO DE TECUALA, NAYARIT, MÉXICO

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    Total arsenic concentrations (tAs) and the presence of total and fecal coliforms in drinking water from Tecuala, Nayarit, Mexico, were determined. The presence of tAs was analyzed by means of hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Total and fecal coliforms were determined through the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. According to the results, the mean concentration of tAs in Tecuala was 15.82 μg/L, in Atotonilco 19.88 μg/L, in Pajaritos 21.49 μg/L, in Quimichis 17.80 μg/L, and in Playas de Novillero 19.79 μg/L. The tAs concentrations in drinking water from Tecuala, Nayarit, are within the limit set by the Mexican official standards (25 μg/L); still, they are over the limit established by the World Health Organization (10 μg/L). The concentration of coliforms in water from wells 1 and 3 was 180 MPN/100 mL and 43 MPN/100 mL for well water 2. The presence of total and fecal coliforms, suggest the infiltration of sewage which could increase the levels of dissolved arsenic. The results of this study will serve as an antecedent of the water quality in Tecuala, Nayarit.Se determinaron las concentraciones de arsénico total (AsT) y la presencia de coliformes totales y fecales en agua potable del municipio de Tecuala, Nayarit, México. La determinación de AsT se realizó por espectrofotometría de fluorescencia atómica, por generación de hidruros; la detección de coliformes totales y fecales se realizó con la técnica del número más probable (NMP). De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, la concentración media de AsT en la cabecera municipal de Tecuala fue de 15.82 μg/L, en el ejido de Atotonilco de 19.88 μg/L, en Pajaritos de 21.49 μg/L, en Quimichis de 17.80 μg/L y en Playas de Novillero de 19.79 μg/L. Aunque las concentraciones de AsT en el agua potable del municipio de Tecuala, Nayarit, se encuentran dentro del límite establecido por las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas (25 μg/L), rebasan el límite establecido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, que establece un máximo de 10 μg/L. La concentración de coliformes en el agua procedente de los pozos 1 y 3 fue de 180 NMP/100 mL y de 43 NMP/100 mL para el agua del pozo 2. La presencia de coliformes totales y fecales, sugiere la infiltración de aguas negras lo que podría incrementar los niveles de arsénico disuelto. Los resultados de este estudio servirán como antecedente sanitario de la calidad del agua de los pozos que abastecen el municipio de Tecuala, Nayarit

    PATRÓN DE USO Y VENTA DE PLAGUICIDAS EN NAYARIT, MÉXICO

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    Pesticides are compounds widely used in agriculture and for the control of vectors that transmit diseases to humans and animals. No studies, however, have provided data regarding the potential use of pesticides in Nayarit State, one of the main agricultural states in México. This paper presents the use of pesticides in Nayarit by obtaining the rate of their sales via a direct interview with establishment retailers. The data indicate that insecticides are the most used agrochemicals (45.9 %) in Nayarit State, followed by herbicides (30.5 %) and fungicides (20.1 %). According to chemical classification, organophosphates are the most sold and used pesticides in the State, followed by pyretroids, carbamates and organochlorine pesticides. This study provides detailed and updated data about the pesticide sales and their consequent use in each region of Nayarit. This database may serve as a background for future studies evaluating adverse effects of these environmental contaminants on human health and ecosystems.Los plaguicidas son compuestos ampliamente utilizados en la agricultura y para controlar vectores que transmiten enfermedades a hombres y animales. Se investigó el patrón actual de venta y uso de plaguicidas en Nayarit, uno de los principales estados agrícolas en México; estos datos no existen en la literatura. Se aplicó una encuesta a los encargados de los establecimientos de venta de agroquímicos en el estado; de acuerdo a los resultados, los insecticidas son los plaguicidas más frecuentemente empleados (45.9%), seguidos de los herbicidas (30.5%), fungicidas (20.1%), entre otros. En cuanto a los grupos químicos, los organofosforados son los más vendidos y usados, seguidos de los piretroides, carbamatos y organoclorados. Contar con una base de datos completa y actual de los plaguicidas que se comercializan y en consecuencia se usan en cada una de las regiones de Nayarit, sentará las bases para futuros estudios que evalúen los efectos adversos de estos contaminantes sobre la salud humana y los ecosistemas

    Determinación of aflatoxin and fumonisin levels through ELISA and HPLC, on tilapia feed in Nayarit, México

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    A survey of fungal contamination and presence of aflatoxins (AFs) and fumonisins (FBs) in 30 feed samples collected from 10 tilapia farms during three seasons in Nayarit State, located in north-western Mexico, was carried out using ELISA as screening and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) as confirmatory method. Mycobiota included Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium spp. AFs were detected in 63.3% of samples using ELISA, but confirmation by HPLC revealed that all samples were under the detection limit. Regarding to FBs, positive samples were detected using both methods, with 19 positive samples (60% of total) by ELISA and 14 positive samples (46.6% of total) by HPLC and levels ranging from 0.148 to 2.587 mg/kg. Correlation was observed between both methods (r = 0.516, p = 0.004) for FBs results. No sample exceeded the European maximum levels for any of the mycotoxins. Water activity of samples ranged from 0.345 to 0.655, suggesting that mycotoxin occurrence is probably related to raw material contamination.Se llevó a cabo un estudio de contaminación por hongos y presencia de aflatoxinas (AF) y fumonisinas (FB) en 30 muestras de pienso de 10 granjas de tilapia durante tres temporadas en el estado de Nayarit, en el noroeste de México, Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) como método de confirmación. Mycobiota incluyó Aspergillus flavus y Fusarium spp. AFs se detectaron en el 63,3% de las muestras utilizando ELISA, pero la confirmación por HPLC reveló que todas las muestras estaban bajo el límite de detección. En cuanto a FBs, se detectaron muestras positivas utilizando ambos métodos, con 19 muestras positivas (60% del total) por ELISA y 14 muestras positivas (46,6% del total) por HPLC y niveles de 0,148 a 2,587 mg / kg. Se observó correlación entre ambos métodos (r = 0,516, p = 0,004) para los resultados de FBs. Ninguna muestra superó los niveles máximos europeos para ninguna de las micotoxinas. La actividad de agua de las muestras varió de 0,345 a 0,655, lo que sugiere que la presencia de micotoxinas probablemente esté relacionada con la contaminación de la materia prima

    Evaluación de los niveles de contaminación por residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en sedimiento y peces, de la presa de Aguamilpa, Nayarit, México

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    In the present study, sediment and fishes samples; tilapia (Oreochromis aureus), lobina (Micropterus salmoides), bagre (Ictalurus punctatus), carp (Cyprinus carpio) and palacha (Dorosoma smithi), collected from the reservoir from the Hydroelectric Aguamilpa, Nayarit, Mexico, were analyzed of some organochlorine pesticides residues and their metabolites and also it determined the amount of organic matter. By the great agricultural activity and fishing that is self-practical in this reservoir. The organochlorine compounds in sediment and fishes, were extracted hexane in a soxhlet system and the identified and quantified by gas chromatography using electron capture detector. For the previous, eight sampling sites were selected in the area for investigation along the reservoir. Fishes and recent superficial sediment were collected in June (dry season) and September (rain season) in 2004. The following pesticides were identified in the sediment, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, delta-HCH, p,p’-DDD, p,p’-DDE, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, endosulfan I, endosulfan sulphate, endrin and endrin aldehyde. It is important to note that range of alpha-HCH 1.06 to 6.38, endosulfán I 1.84 to 21.23, endrín 1.07 to 3.63 and p,p’-DDE 0.30 to 2.25, ng g-1 dry weight, respectively. The concentrations of HCH’s (sum of alpha, beta, gamma and delta, isomers) ranged from 4.44 a 19.37, ng g-1 dry weight. The HCH’s detected in de sediment samples were mainly alphaHCH (>90% of HCH’s), followed by beta-HCH, gamma-HCH and delta-HCH. In the steak fishes were detected in greater numbers: alpha-HCH (0.23), beta-HCH (5.35), aldrin (4.95), heptachlor epoxide (1.11), endosulfan I (5.98), endosulfan II (7.58), endrin (6.07), endrín aldehyde (8.24), dieldrín (6.83), p,p’-DDD (3.5O), p,p’-DDT (1.10), ng g-1 dry weight. Nevertheless, levels of organochlorine pesticide in fish steak were lower than the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) maximun permissible limits.En el presente estudio se recolectaron muestras de sedimento y peces; tilapia (Oreochromis aureus), lobina (Micropterus salmoides), bagre (Ictalurus punctatus), carpa (Cyprinus carpio) y palacha (Dorosoma smithi). Estas muestras fueron analizadas para determinar la contaminación por plaguicidas organoclorados y sus metabolitos; así como la cantidad de materia orgánica en sedimento, en el embalse de la Presa Hidroeléctrica Aguamilpa, Nayarit, México, debido a la actividad agrícola y pesquera que se práctica en su cuenca. Los compuestos organoclorados fueron extraídos mediante sistema soxhlet, la identificación y cuantificación, de estos plaguicidas, se realizó por cromatografía de gases con detector de captura de electrones. Se realizaron dos muestreos, uno en periodo de estiaje (junio) y otro en periodo de lluvia (septiembre), del año 2004. Los plaguicidas identificados en sedimento fueron alfa-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, delta-HCH, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD, heptacloro, heptacloro epóxido, aldrín, dieldrín, endosulfán I, endosulfán sulfato, endrín y endrín aldehído. Destaca la presencia de alfaHCH, cuyas concentraciones oscilaron entre 1.06 y 6.38, endosulfán I de 1.84 a 21.23, endrín de 1.07 a 3.63 y p,p’-DDE de 0.30 a 2.25, en ng g-1 peso seco, respectivamente. Las concentraciones de los HCHs detectados (suma de isómeros alfa, beta, gamma y delta), se presentaron entre 4.44 y 19.37, ng g-1 ps. En la suma de estos isómeros, el principal fue alfa-HCH con más del 90%, seguido del beta-HCH, gamma-HCH y delta-HCH. Los contenidos más altos detectados para filetes de peces fueron: alfa-HCH (0.23), beta-HCH (5.35), aldrín (4.95), heptacloro epóxido (1.11), endosulfán I (5.98), endosulfán II (7.58), endrín (6.07), endrín aldehído (8.24), dieldrín (6.83), p,p’-DDD (3.50) y p,p’-DDT (1.10), ng g-1 ps. No obstante, los niveles de estos plaguicidas en los filetes de peces fueron más bajos, que los límites máximos permisibles por la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) y el Codex Alimentarius

    Exposure to tributyltin chloride induces penis and vas deferens development and increases RXR expression in females of the purple snail (Plicopurpura pansa)

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    Tributyltin (TBT) and its derivatives are widely used as antifouling paints for ships, resulting in their being released into the marine environment. Aquatic invertebrates, particularly marine gastropods, are extremely sensitive to TBT and undergo changes in the imposition of male secondary sex characteristics in response to exposure. This study aimed to evaluate the development of imposex and the expression of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) in tissues of Plicopurpura pansa (males and females) exposed to tributyltin chloride (TBTCl). The histological results showed a penis-like structure in imposexed female and an undeveloped vas deferens that lacked circular muscular layers. TBTCl treatment increased the messenger RNA (mRNA) of RXR in females with imposex. The highest level of mRNA RXR was found in the digestive gland and penis forming area in females under in vivo exposure compared with control females. These results indicate that TBTCl modulates mRNA levels of RXR in females. mRNA RXR in imposex females and females exposed to TBTCl only was similar to that of males, indicating that RXR might contribute to the development of imposex. To our knowledge, this study is the first to show that TBTCl induces imposex and biphallia in this snail species, and that this effect is accompanied by an increase in RXR expression.El tributilestaño (TBT) y sus derivados se utilizan ampliamente como pinturas antiincrustantes para buques, en el medio marino. Los invertebrados acuáticos, en particular los gasterópodos marinos, extremadamente sensibles a los TBT y sufren cambios en la imposición del sexo secundario masculino características en respuesta a la exposición. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el desarrollo de la expresión del receptor retinoide X (RXR) en tejidos de Plicopurpura pansa (machos y hembras) expuestos al cloruro de tributilestaño (TBTC1). Los resultados histológicos mostraron una estructura tipo pene en impuesta a la mujer y un vaso deferente no desarrollado que carecía de capas musculares circulares. TBTCl tratamiento aumentó el RNA mensajero (ARNm) de RXR en mujeres con imposex. El nivel más alto de ARNm RXR se encontró en la glándula digestiva y en el área de formación de pene en las mujeres bajo in vivo en comparación con las hembras control. Estos resultados indican que TBTCl modula los niveles de mRNA de RXR en mujeres. MRNA RXR en imposex hembras y las mujeres expuestas a TBTCl sólo fue similar a la de los machos, lo que indica que RXR podría contribuir al desarrollo de imposex. A nuestro conocimiento, este estudio es el primero en demostrar que TBTCl induce imposex y biphallia en esta especie de caracol, y que este efecto se acompaña de un aumento de la expresión de RXR

    Imposex in Plicopurpura pansa (Neogastropoda: Thaididae) in Nayarit and Sinaloa, Mexico

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    AbstractImposex is the development of male features in female prosobranch gastropods, caused by organotin compounds. In the Mexican Pacific coast, imposex was observed in Plicopurpura pansa. This snail has been used by indigenous people to dye cotton and traditional fabric clothing. During 2010 and 2011, 5 habitats were visited along the coastline of Nayarit and Sinaloa, Mexico. At low tide, 675 snails were collected. Shell length, sex ratio and imposex incidence were measured. Imposex incidences were higher in the samples collected near harbor areas
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