Matchmaker, Matchmaker, Make Me a Match: Migration of Populations via Marriages in the Past

The study of human mobility is both of fundamental importance and of great potential value. For example, it can be leveraged to facilitate efficient city planning and improve prevention strategies when faced with epidemics. The newfound wealth of rich sources of data---including banknote flows, mobile phone records, and transportation data---has led to an explosion of attempts to characterize modern human mobility. Unfortunately, the dearth of comparable historical data makes it much more difficult to study human mobility patterns from the past. In this paper, we present an analysis of long-term human migration, which is important for processes such as urbanization and the spread of ideas. We demonstrate that the data record from Korean family books (called "jokbo") can be used to estimate migration patterns via marriages from the past 750 years. We apply two generative models of long-term human mobility to quantify the relevance of geographical information to human marriage records in the data, and we find that the wide variety in the geographical distributions of the clans poses interesting challenges for the direct application of these models. Using the different geographical distributions of clans, we quantify the "ergodicity" of clans in terms of how widely and uniformly they have spread across Korea, and we compare these results to those obtained using surname data from the Czech Republic. To examine population flow in more detail, we also construct and examine a population-flow network between regions. Based on the correlation between ergodicity and migration in Korea, we identify two different types of migration patterns: diffusive and convective. We expect the analysis of diffusive versus convective effects in population flows to be widely applicable to the study of mobility and migration patterns across different cultures.Comment: 24 pages, 23 figures, 5 table

ELT today: From dilemma to professional responsibilities

In order to develop individual and community identities in a globalising world, pedagogies of connection are compelled to move beyond a ‘method’ approach to English language teaching (ELT). A postmethod pedagogy looks to facilitate context-sensitive, location-specific pedagogy which is based on an understanding of the local linguistic, sociocultural and political context. In this paper, implications of globalisation for ELT are discussed. Globalisation is defined and the ways in which it can be examined from a language perspective are explored. This exploration reveals that globalisation presents English language teachers with a significant dilemma: the domination of culturally based methodologies, such as communicative language teaching (CLT), which have accompanied the spread of the language itself. This paper argues that if this dilemma is seen as a professional responsibility we can derive some guidelines for an informed approach to ELT in a globalising world. The overarching goal of such an approach is to develop ways of teaching English that lead to additive bilingualism. In order to accomplish this goal, the researchers argue that English language teachers have three professional responsibilities to fulfil: 1) adopt a nuanced view of English as a global language; 2) focus on context; and 3) proceed in small steps

Lean Processes without Compromising Controls

In today’s economic environment, governments feel the pressure to operate more efficiently, and many are therefore considering the gradual and continuous process improvement that Lean provides. Lean begins by examining a process from beginning to end, without departmental barriers; identifying the parts of the process that are inefficient; making a case for Lean improvements; and improving the process by reducing activities and waste that don’t add value to the consumer of the process

Eisosome ultrastructure and evolution in fungi, microalgae, and lichens

Eisosomes are among the few remaining eukaryotic cellular differentations that lack a defined function(s). These trough-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane have largely been studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which their associated proteins, including two BAR domain proteins, have been identified, and homologues have been found throughout the fungal radiation. Using quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy to generate high-resolution replicas of membrane fracture faces without the use of chemical fixation, we report that eisosomes are also present in a subset of red and green microalgae as well as in the cysts of the ciliate Euplotes. Eisosome assembly is closely correlated with both the presence and the nature of cell walls. Microalgal eisosomes vary extensively in topology and internal organization. Unlike fungi, their convex fracture faces can carry lineage-specific arrays of intramembranous particles, and their concave fracture faces usually display fine striations, also seen in fungi, that are pitched at lineage-specific angles and, in some cases, adopt a broad-banded patterning. The conserved genes that encode fungal eisosome-associated proteins are not found in sequenced algal genomes, but we identified genes encoding two algal lineage-specific families of predicted BAR domain proteins, called Green-BAR and Red-BAR, that are candidate eisosome organizers. We propose a model for eisosome formation wherein (i) positively charged recognition patches first establish contact with target membrane regions and (ii) a (partial) unwinding of the coiled-coil conformation of the BAR domains then allows interactions between the hydrophobic faces of their amphipathic helices and the lipid phase of the inner membrane leaflet, generating the striated patterns

The methodological quality of aphasia research: an investigation using the PsycBITE™ database

This paper examines methodological quality of aphasia research using the Psychological database for Brain Injury Treatment Efficacy™(www.psycbite.com). PsycBITE™ includes five designs: Systematic Reviews (SR), Randomised Controlled Trials (RCT), non-RCT (NRCT); Case Series (CS) and Single Subject Designs (SSD). Of 310 studies indexed for aphasia: SR=8 (3%); RCT=22 (7%); NRCT=17 (5%); CS=48 (15%); SSD=215 (69%). Methodological quality ratings (MQR) using the PEDro scale (scored out of 10) were available for 9 RCTs (mean MQR=4.6 SD = 1.5), 5 NRCTs (mean MQR=2.3, SD =1.1), and 12 CSs (mean MQR=0.9, SD =0.7). Methodological quality is discussed with suggestions for future treatment studies

Development of Carbon Dioxide Removal Systems for Advanced Exploration Systems 2014-2015

A long-term goal for NASA is to enable crewed missions to Mars: first to the vicinity of Mars, and then to the Mars surface. These missions present new challenges for all aspects of spacecraft design in comparison with the International Space Station, as resupply is unavailable in the transit phase, and early return is not possible. Additionally, mass, power, and volume must be minimized for all phases to reduce propulsion needs. Mass reduction is particularly crucial for Mars surface landing and liftoff due to the challenges inherent in these operations for even much smaller payloads. In this paper we describe current and planned developments in the area of carbon dioxide removal to support future crewed Mars missions. Activities are also described that apply to both the resolution of anomalies observed in the ISS CDRA and the design of life support systems for future missions

Breastfeeding: power, ethics, poetics

"In this dissertation I aim to put women back into breastfeeding through the development of an ethics and poetics drawn from Levinas, Irigaray and the later work of Foucault. In contrast with currently dominant discourses, I explore breastfeeding not from the infant's perspective but rather as an ongoing activity of self-creation for breastfeeding women. I argue that properly understanding and supporting breastfeeding means taking the perspective of the breastfeeding mother seriously, recognizing that she is not merely a means for the development of the infant's subjectivity but is in fact an ethical subject in her own right. This, however, does not mean disregarding the wellbeing of the infant, as the experience of the breastfeeding mother is fundamentally relational and it involves tremendous responsibility for the care of a vulnerable other. An ethics of breastfeeding needs to be developed that does not dictate women's breastfeeding practices under the guise of following what is ""natural"", but instead recognizes that these practices constitute an ethical project requiring intelligence, creativity, and a relationship of care and responsiveness to the other. Doing so means understanding ethics as a form of poiesis: living life as an artistic creation. An ethico-poetics of breastfeeding challenges prescriptive morality, public health guidelines, and clinical advice. Understanding breastfeeding as an ethico-poetic project involves recognizing that the self is never fixed or complete but is instead an ongoing creative project continually changing in response to alterity.

The role of the saxophone embouchure in the production of the South African jazz sound : a study of nine jazz saxophone players

South Africa is known for having its own distinctive jazz music sound of which the saxophone is a significant feature. The saxophone has often been recognised world-wide as a symbolic jazz instrument and has also played an important role in South African jazz. As the embouchure of the saxophone is crucial to its sound production, it stands to reason that it plays a role in producing this distinctive South African jazz sonority. The purpose of this study is to understand the role of the embouchure in producing the ‘South African jazz saxophone sound’, and to find a common trend in saxophonists