Videojuegos, e-sports y sedentarismo. ¿Una correlación positiva o negativa? Video games, e-sports and sedentary lifestyle. Positive or negative correlation?

El uso diario del tiempo puede considerarse un juego de suma cero. Por tanto, el tiempo dedicado a la realización de actividad física y al uso de las TIC puede ser considerado tiempo sustitutivo: si se dedica más tiempo a un tipo, el tiempo dedicado otras actividades se verá resentido. La imagen estereotipada de los jugadores de videojuegos o los seguidores de e-sports se asocia a comportamientos sedentarios y hábitos poco saludables y alejados del mundo del deporte. Sin embargo, ¿es eso cierto? Para poder contrastar la hipótesis contactamos con la Asociación para la investigación de medios de comunicación (AIMC) y nos facilitaron datos de individuos de 14 o más años, residentes en hogares de España, obteniendo una muestra es de 9806 entrevistas en 2021. El 33,99% de la población española mayor de 14 años practica deporte de forma semanal. Este porcentaje aumenta al 39,82% entre los jugadores de videojuegos y alcanza el 48,85% entre los seguidores de los e-sports. Estos porcentajes aumentan significativamente entre los jugadores y seguidores de videojuegos deportivos superando el 56% en ambos casos.  Por tanto, se puede rechazar la idea de sedentarismo entre los jugadores de e-sports. Para eliminar si este efecto viene condicionado por la variable edad de los individuos y no por su participación en videojuegos y e-sports, los resultados muestran cómo, para todos los cortes de edad, los porcentajes de individuos que practican deporte son superiores entre los jugadores o seguidores del mundo de los e-sports, rechazando la hipótesis inicial

Estudio de la inactivación de la escherichia coli en aguas mediante procesos de fotocatálisis

Los agentes patógenos transmitidos por el agua constituyen un problema que exige un control mediante la implementación de medidas de protección ambiental a fin de evitar el incremento de las enfermedades hídricas, (RD 140/2003). Según esta normativa, un agua se considera “apta para consumo humano” si no contiene ningún tipo de microorganismo o sustancia, en una cantidad o concentración que pueda suponer un peligro para la salud humana. Los PAOs se basan en procesos fisicoquímicos capaces de producir cambios profundos en la estructura química de los contaminantes. El concepto fue inicialmente establecido por Glaze (1987) y colaboradores, quienes definieron los PAOs como procesos que involucran la generación y uso de especies transitorias poderosas, principalmente el radical hidroxilo (HO-). El objetivo principal de este trabajo es evaluar los procesos avanzados de oxidación (PAOs), en este caso la combinación de fotocatálisis con otros oxidantes: luz, luz/TiO2, luz/TiO2/H2O2; y el estudio cinético de inactivación de la bacteria Escherichia coli en los diferentes tratamientos de desinfección aplicados. Además de comparar estos resultados con los obtenidos por Lanao (2012) sobre la bacteria Enterococcus sp. El tratamiento más efectivo, en términos de desinfección, corresponde a aquel en el que se alcanzan valores de desinfección de 3.2 unidades logarítmicas como es el caso de la fotocatálisis. Los mayoría de los resultados obtenidos se ajustan bien a los modelos cinéticos aplicados puesto que alcanzan el umbral mínimo de R2 aconsejable de 0.95 y valores de ECM cercanos a

Intensification of UV-C tertiary treatment : Disinfection and removal of micropollutants by sulfate radical based Advanced Oxidation Processes

This study explores the enhancement of UV-C tertiary treatment by sulfate radical based Advanced Oxidation Processes (SR-AOPs), including photolytic activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and persulfate (PS) and their photocatalytic activation using Fe(II). Their efficiency was assessed both for the inactivation of microorganisms and the removal or micropollutants (MPs) in real wastewater treatment plant effluents. Under the studied experimental range (UV-C dose 5.7-57 J/L; UV-C contact time 3 to 28 s), the photolysis of PMS and PS (0.01 mM) increased up to 25% the bacterial removal regarding to UV-C system. The photolytic activation of PMS led to the total inactivation of bacteria (approximate to 5.70 log) with the highest UV-C dose (57 J/L). However, these conditions were insufficient to remove the MPs, being required oxidant's dosages of 5 mM to remove above 90% of carbamazepine, diclofenac, atenolol and triclosan. The best efficiencies were achieved by the combination of PMS or PS with Fe(II), leading to the total removal of the MPs using a low UV-C dosage (19 J/L), UV-C contact time (9 s) and reagent's dosages (0.5 mM). Finally, high mineralization was reached ( > 50%) with photocatalytic activation of PMS and PS even with low reagent's dosages.Peer reviewe

Effects of active video games on health-related physical fitness and motor competence in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity: Systematic review and meta-Analysis

Background: Childhood obesity is one of the most important public health problems. Active video games (AVGs) have been proposed as an attractive alternative to increase energy expenditure and are being investigated to determine their effectiveness against childhood obesity. Objective: The aim of this study is to summarize the existing research and draw conclusions about the effects of AVGs on health-related physical fitness and motor competence in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. Methods: The search strategy was applied to PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus, including randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials investigating the effects of AVG programs on health-related physical fitness and motor competence in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. To measure the risk of bias in randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials, 2 different quality assessment tools were used. In total, 15 articles met the inclusion criteria, and the variables of interest were BMI, body fat percentage, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), waist circumference, fat-free mass, muscular fitness, and motor competence. A meta-Analysis was performed. Results: Positive effects were found for BMI and body fat percentage, favoring the AVG group compared with a control group with no intervention (mean difference-0.209; 95% CI-0.388 to-0.031 vs mean difference-0.879; 95% CI-1.138 to-0.602). Positive effects seem to be observed for CRF. The effects of AVG interventions on muscular fitness, fat-free mass, waist circumference, and motor competence are unclear. Conclusions: AVG programs showed positive effects on BMI, body fat percentage, and CRF. AVG could be a good strategy to combat childhood obesity. © 2021. KJMIR Publications Inc.. All right reserved

The effects of active video games on health-related physical fitness and motor competence in children and adolescents with healthy weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis

(1) Background: Poor levels of physical fitness and motor skills are problems for today’s children. Active video games (AVG) could be an attractive strategy to help address them. The aim was to investigate the effects of AVG on health-related physical fitness and motor competence in children and adolescents with healthy weight. (2) Methods: Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of AVG programs on health-related physical fitness and motor competence were included. Two different quality assessment tools were used to measure the risk of bias. Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria and the variables of interest were body mass index (BMI), body fat, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscular fitness and motor competence. (3) Re-sults: AVG interventions seem to have benefits in BMI when lasting longer than 18 weeks (SMD, -0.590; 95% IC, -1.071, -0.108) and in CRF (SMD, 0.438; 95% IC, 0.022, 0.855). AVG seems to be a promising tool to improve muscular fitness and motor competence but the effects are still unclear due to the lack of evidence. (4) Conclusions: AVG seem to be an effective tool for improving some components of health-related physical fitness and motor competence in healthy-weight children and adolescents, but the effect on some fitness components needs further research. Therefore, AVG may be included as a strategy to improve health

Effect of an active video game intervention combined with multicomponent exercise for cardiorespiratory fitness in children with overweight and obesity: randomized controlled trial

Background: Childhood overweight and obesity have become major global health problems and are negatively related with the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) level in school children and adolescents. Exercise, specifically multicomponent training, is effective for CRF improvement, but the main challenge is to ensure adherence to exercise in children with overweight and obesity. Therefore, new ways of exercising that are more attractive and motivational for this population are needed and playing or training with active video games (AVGs) has been proposed as an effective alternative because they require full-body movement and therefore increase energy expenditure. Objective: The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an AVG intervention combined with multicomponent training on CRF at maximal and submaximal intensities in children with overweight or obesity. Methods: We recruited 28 children (13 girls and 15 boys) aged 9 to 11 years with overweight or obesity from medical centers and divided them into 2 groups, an intervention group (n=20) that participated in a 5-month supervised AVG exercise program combined with multicomponent exercise, and a control group (n=8) that continued daily activities without modification. A maximal stress test to measure CRF using a walking-graded protocol with respiratory gas exchange was performed by the participants. Results: The AVG group showed a significant decrease in heart rate and oxygen uptake for the same intensities in the submaximal stages of the maximal treadmill test, as well as a lower oxygen uptake percentage according to the individual maximal oxygen uptake, whereas the control group did not show overall changes. No change in the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was found. Conclusions: A 5-month AVG intervention combined with multicomponent exercise had positive effects on CRF at submaximal intensity, showing a lower heart rate and oxygen uptake at the same intensities and displaying a lower oxygen uptake percentage according to the individual (VO2peak). Greater benefits were found in children with the highest fat percentage.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04418713; https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT0441871

Carbohydrate effect of novel arene Ru(II) phenanthroline-glycoconjugates on metastatic biological processes

Novel water-soluble half-sandwich ruthenium(II) polypyridyl-glycoconjugates [Ru(p-cymene)Cl{N-(1,10-phenanthroline-5-yl)-& beta;-glycopyranosylamine}][Cl] (glycopyranosyl = D-glucopyranosyl (1), D-mannopyranosyl (2), L-rhamnopyranosyl (3) and L-xylopyranosyl (4)) have been synthesized and fully characterized. Their behaviour in water under physiological conditions has been studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, revealing their hydrolytic stability. Interactions of the novel compounds with duplex-deoxiribonucleic acid (dsDNA) were investigated by different techniques and the results indicate that, under physiological pH and saline conditions, the metal glycoconjugates bind DNA in the minor groove and/or through external, electrostatic interactions, and by a non-classical, partial intercalation mechanism in non-saline phosphate buffered solution. Effects of compounds 1-4 on cell viability have been assessed in vitro against two human cell lines (androgen-independent prostate cancer PC-3 and non-tumorigenic prostate RWPE-1), showing moderate cytotoxicities, with IC50 values higher than those found for free ligands [N-(1,10-phenanthroline-5-yl)-& beta;-glycopyranosylamine] (glycopyranosyl = D-glucopyranosyl (a), D-mannopyranosyl (b), L-rhamnopyranosyl (c) and L-xylopyranosyl (d)) or corresponding metal-aglycone. Cell viability was assayed in the presence and absence of the glucose transporters (GLUTs) inhibitor [N4-{1-(4-cyanobenzyl)-5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-7-fluoroquinoline-2,4dicarboxamide] (BAY-876), and the results point to a negligible impact of the inhibition of GLUTs on the cytotoxicity caused by Ru(II) compounds 1-4. Remarkably, glycoconjugates 1-4 potently affect the migration pattern of PC-3 cells, and the wound healing assay evidence that the presence of the carbohydrate and the Ru(II) center is a requisite for the anti-migratory activity observed in these novel derivatives. In addition, derivatives 1-4 strongly affect the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 activities of PC-3 cells, while proMMP-2 and especially proMMP-9 were influenced to a much lesser extent

Inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms in freshwater using HSO5−/UV-A LED and HSO5−/Mn+/UV-A LED oxidation processes

Freshwater disinfection using photolytic and catalytic activation of peroxymonosulphate (PMS) through PMS/UV-A LED and PMS/Mn+/UV-A LED [Mn+ = Fe2+ or Co2+] processes was evaluated through the inactivation of three different bacteria: Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), Bacillus mycoides (sporulated Gram-positive), Staphylococcus aureus (non-sporulated Gram-positive), and the fungus Candida albicans. Photolytic and catalytic activation of PMS were effective in the total inactivation of the bacteria using 0.1 mM of PMS and Mn+ at neutral pH (6.5), with E. coli reaching the highest and the fastest inactivation yield, followed by S. aureus and B. mycoides. With B. mycoides, the oxidative stress generated through the complexity of PMS/Mn+/UV-A LED combined treatments triggered the formation of endospores. The treatment processes were also effective in the total inactivation of C. albicans, although, due to the ultrastructure, biochemistry and physiology of this yeast, higher dosages of reagents (5 mM of PMS and 2.5 mM of Mn+) were required. The rate of microbial inactivation markedly increased through catalytic activation of PMS particularly during the first 60 s of treatment. Co2+ was more effective than Fe2+ to catalyse PMS decomposition to sulphate radicals for the inactivation of S. aureus and C. albicans. The inactivation of the four microorganisms was well represented by the Hom model. The Biphasic and the Double Weibull models, which are based on the existence of two microbial sub-populations exhibiting different resistance to the treatments, also fitted the experimental results of photolytic activation of PMS

Treatment of winery wastewater by sulphate radicals: HSO5−/transition metal/UV-A LEDs

© 2016 Elsevier B.V.In this study, the effectiveness of the HSO5-/M n+/UV process on the treatment of winery wastewater (WW) was investigated. The optimal operating conditions were determined: [HSO5-]=2.5mM; [M2(SO4) n ]=1.0mM; pH=6.5 and reaction temperature=323K. Under the given conditions, 51%, 42% and 35% of COD removal was achieved using respectively Fe(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) as catalysts. Different UV sources were tested with the previously selected optimal conditions in order to increase the treatment efficiency. The highest COD removal (82%) was achieved using a UV-A LEDs system (70W/m2). These conditions were also promising for the treatment of WW with COD concentrations of 5000mg O2/L, reaching 79% and 64% of COD and TOC removal, respectively, after 180min of treatment. At 323K, the most effective treatment was obtained when Co(II) was used as catalyst (79% and 64% of COD and TOC removal), while at ambient temperature (293K) the highest COD (65%) and TOC (52%) removals were obtained with Fe(II) catalyst. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the use of HSO5-/M n+ in several consecutive doses was more efficient than adding the reagents as a single dose at the beginning of the reaction. A comparison between the performance of the HSO5-/Fe(II)/UV-A LED process and the conventional photo-Fenton demonstrated important advantages associated with the HSO5-/Fe(II)/UV-A LED process, including the absence of the costly pH adjustment and of the hydroxide ferric sludge which characterise the photo-Fenton treatment process. The HSO5-/M n+/UV-A LED process demonstrates a high COD and TOC removal efficiency, and it can be considered a promising technology for application in real scale agro-food wastewater treatment plants

Immunomodulatory tetracyclines shape the intestinal inflammatory response inducing mucosal healing and resolution

Background and Purpose: Immunomodulatory tetracyclines are well-characterised drugs with a pharmacological potential beyond their antibiotic properties. Particulaarly, minocycline and doxycycicline have shown beneficial effects in experimental colitis, although pro-inflammatory actions have also been described in macrophages. Therefore, we aimed to characterise the mechanism behind their effect in acute intestinal inflammation.Experimental Approach: A comparative pharmacological study was first used to elucidate teh most relevant actions of immunomodulatory tetracyclines: doxycycline, minocycline, tigecycline and other antibiotic or immunomodulatory drugs were assessed in bone-marrow derived macrophages and in DSS-induced mouse colitis, where different barrier markers, inflammatory mediators, microRNAs, TLRs, and the gut microbiota composition were evaluated. Then, the sequential immune events that mediate the intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of minocycline in DSS-colitis were characterised.Key Results: We have identified a novel immunomodulatory activity of tetracyclines, potentiating the innate immune response and leading to an enhanced resolution of inflammation. This is also the first report describing the intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of tigecycline. A minor therapeutic benefit seems to derive from their antibiotic properties. Conversely, immunomodulatory tetracyclines potentiate macrophage cytokine release in vitro and, while improving mucosal recovery in colitic mice, they up-regulate Ccl2, miR-142, miR-375 and Tlr4. In particular, minocycline initially enhances IL-1β, IL-6, IL-22, GM-CSF and IL-4 colonic production and monocyte recruitment to the intestine, subsequently increasing Ly6C−MHCII+ macrophages, Tregs and type-2 intestinal immune responses.Conclusion and Implications: Immunomodulatory tetracyclines potentiate protective immune pathways leading to mucosal healing and resolution, representing a promising drug reposition strategy for the treatment of intestinal inflammation