Degradabilidade in situ das frações fibrosas da silagem de sorgo.

O objetivo deste experimento foi estudar a degradabilidade in situ e a cinética de degradação da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) das silagens de quatro genótipos de sorgo, com presença e ausência de tanino nos grãos. Foi utilizado um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo os animais os blocos, as silagens as parcelas e os tempos de incubação as subparcelas. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste SNK, a 5% de probabilidade. Após 96 horas de incubação, as degradabilidades da FDN e FDA variaram de 32,22 a 56,07% e de 26,40 a 54,40%, para as silagens do BR700 e CMSXS165, respectivamente. A presença de tanino nos grãos comprometeu a degradabilidade ruminal da FDN e FDA das silagens de sorgo

Exploring Hardware Fault Impacts on Different Real Number Representations of the Structural Resilience of TCUs in GPUs

The most recent generations of graphics processing units (GPUs) boost the execution of convolutional operations required by machine learning applications by resorting to specialized and efficient in-chip accelerators (Tensor Core Units or TCUs) that operate on matrix multiplication tiles. Unfortunately, modern cutting-edge semiconductor technologies are increasingly prone to hardware defects, and the trend to highly stress TCUs during the execution of safety-critical and high-performance computing (HPC) applications increases the likelihood of TCUs producing different kinds of failures. In fact, the intrinsic resiliency to hardware faults of arithmetic units plays a crucial role in safety-critical applications using GPUs (e.g., in automotive, space, and autonomous robotics). Recently, new arithmetic formats have been proposed, particularly those suited to neural network execution. However, the reliability characterization of TCUs supporting different arithmetic formats was still lacking. In this work, we quantitatively assessed the impact of hardware faults in TCU structures while employing two distinct formats (floating-point and posit) and using two different configurations (16 and 32 bits) to represent real numbers. For the experimental evaluation, we resorted to an architectural description of a TCU core (PyOpenTCU) and performed 120 fault simulation campaigns, injecting around 200,000 faults per campaign and requiring around 32 days of computation. Our results demonstrate that the posit format of TCUs is less affected by faults than the floating-point one (by up to three orders of magnitude for 16 bits and up to twenty orders for 32 bits). We also identified the most sensible fault locations (i.e., those that produce the largest errors), thus paving the way to adopting smart hardening solutions

Investigating and Reducing the Architectural Impact of Transient Faults in Special Function Units for GPUs

Ensuring the reliability of GPUs and their internal components is paramount, especially in safety-critical domains like autonomous machines and self-driving cars. These cutting-edge applications heavily rely on GPUs to implement complex algorithms due to their implicit programming flexibility and parallelism, which is crucial for efficient operation. However, as integration technologies advance, there is a growing concern regarding the potential increase in fault sensitivity of the internal components of current GPU generations. In particular, Special Function Unit (SFU) cores inside GPUs are used in multimedia, High-Performance Computing, and neural network training. Despite their frequent usage and critical role in several domains, reliability evaluations on SFUs and the development of effective mitigation solutions have yet to be studied and remain unexplored. This work evaluates the impact of transient faults in the main hardware structures of SFUs in GPUs. In addition, we analyze the main overhead costs and benefits of developing selective-hardening mechanisms for SFUs. We focus on evaluating and analyzing two SFU architectures for GPUs (’fused’ and ’modular’) and their relations to energy, area, and reliability impact on parallel applications. The experiments resort to fine-grain fault injection campaigns on an RTL GPU model (FlexGripPlus) instrumented with both SFUs. The results on both SFU architectures indicate that fused SFUs (in commercial-grade devices) require lower area overhead (about 27%) for their integration in GPUs but are more vulnerable to transient faults (in up to 47% for the analyzed cases) and less power efficient (in up to 36.6%) than modular SFUs. Moreover, the reliability estimation shows that Modular SFUs are structurally more resilient than Fused ones in up to one order of magnitude. Similarly, selective-hardening mechanism based on Triple-Modular Redundancy (TMR) shows that coarse-grain strategies might increase the reliability of the overall SFUs under feasible overhead costs

Improving T cell-induced response to subunit vaccines:opportunities for a proteomic systems approach

Prophylactic vaccines are an effective strategy to prevent development of many infectious diseases. With new and re-emerging infections posing increasing risks to food stocks and the health of the population in general, there is a need to improve the rationale of vaccine development. One key challenge lies in development of an effective T cell-induced response to subunit vaccines at specific sites and in different populations. Objectives: In this review, we consider how a proteomic systems-based approach can be used to identify putative novel vaccine targets, may be adopted to characterise subunit vaccines and adjuvants fully. Key findings: Despite the extensive potential for proteomics to aid our understanding of subunit vaccine nature, little work has been reported on identifying MHC 1-binding peptides for subunit vaccines generating T cell responses in the literature to date. Summary: In combination with predictive and structural biology approaches to mapping antigen presentation, proteomics offers a powerful and as yet un-tapped addition to the armoury of vaccine discovery to predict T-cell subset responses and improve vaccine design strategies

Detection and elimination of cellular bottlenecks in protein-producing yeasts

Yeasts are efficient cell factories and are commonly used for the production of recombinant proteins for biopharmaceutical and industrial purposes. For such products high levels of correctly folded proteins are needed, which sometimes requires improvement and engineering of the expression system. The article summarizes major breakthroughs that led to the efficient use of yeasts as production platforms and reviews bottlenecks occurring during protein production. Special focus is given to the metabolic impact of protein production. Furthermore, strategies that were shown to enhance secretion of recombinant proteins in different yeast species are presented

La Equidad de Género y la Paz Territorial en Colombia

La violencia contra la mujer es una problemática que se encuentra inmiscuida en la sociedad la cual se ha venido naturalizando, sometiendo a las mujeres al establecimiento de relaciones inequitativas entre hombres y mujeres, desde ámbitos familiares y laborales, hasta ámbitos sociales, por lo tanto, los Estados han recurrido a elaborar acciones institucionales que mitiguen este fenómeno, en este caso, Colombia ha implementado la política pública de Equidad de género. Este artículo establece la evaluación de la misma, partiendo de un marco referencial normativo y conceptual utilizando una metodología de carácter mixto. Se hace énfasis en el establecimiento de la paz territorial como eje transversal de la equidad de género mediante la evaluación de productos de la política pública para la equidad de género en Colombia.</jats:p

Type and analysis of unit prices for the construction of aerial electrical networks for the distribution of medium and low voltage in the province of Sabana de Occidente Departament of Cundinamarca

En Colombia, el suministro de energía eléctrica en considerado como un servicio público esencial prestado por una serie de empresas que deben garantizar el cumplimiento de la normatividad vigente de conformidad con lo dispuesto por la comisión reguladora de energía y gas (CREG). (Castaño, 2004) La importancia de este servicio público en la sociedad actual, genera la necesidad de una buena y adecuada construcción de la red de distribución de energía eléctrica para el disfrute en los predios urbanos y rurales, además de su importancia, proporciona un impacto positivo en el valor comercial de los predios que tengan acceso al suministro energético. Para abarcar la demanda de avalúos en proyectos viales, energéticos, de hidrocarburos y servicios públicos, el sector avaluador en Colombia ha venido desarrollando tipologías o modelos de valor de las diferentes construcciones y anexos situados en los predios objeto de avalúo, con el fin de agilizar y homogenizar los totales finales, pero además de esto, otros de los valores agregados a tener en cuenta son las diferentes instalaciones de redes de suministro de servicios públicos, siendo el servicio de energía eléctrica nuestro objeto de estudio. Al requerirse homogeneidad en los procesos de avalúos rurales, se plantea una tipificación de redes eléctricas para usarse en predios rurales, especialmente en procesos de compra masiva de predios en los proyectos viales en esquema de APP o concesiones, que también puede ser usada por entidades públicas o privadas para la elaboración de presupuestos de obra. Entonces, ¿cuánto vale el metro lineal de una red de distribución de energía eléctrica ya transformada para un usuario final? Lo conoceremos a continuación.In Colombia, the supply of electric power is considered an essential public service provided by a series of companies that must guarantee compliance with current regulations in accordance with the provisions of the energy and gas regulatory commission (CREG). (Castaño, 2004) The importance of this public service in today's society, generates the need for a good and adequate construction of the electrical energy distribution network for the enjoyment in urban and rural properties, in addition to its importance, it provides a positive impact on the value commercial properties that have access to energy supply. To cover the demand for appraisals in road, energy, hydrocarbon and public services projects, the appraisal sector in Colombia has been developing typologies or value models of the different constructions and annexes located on the properties being appraised, in order to expedite and homogenize the final totals, but in addition to this, other added values ​​to be taken into account are the different installations of public utility supply networks, the electric power service being our object of study. As homogeneity is required in the rural appraisal processes, a typification of electrical networks is proposed to be used in rural properties, especially in processes of mass purchase of properties in road projects under the PPP scheme or concessions, which can also be used by public entities or private for the preparation of work budgets. So how much is a linear meter of an already transformed electrical power distribution network worth to an end user? We will know it next

Estudio patológico y de vulnerabilidad sísmica del Claustro de la Merced de Cartagena de Indias

Tesis(Ingeniero Civil).--Universidad de Cartagena. Facultad de Ciencias E Ingenierías. Programa de Ingeniería Civil,2015El presente estudio tiene por objetivo realizar una evaluación, diagnóstico patológico y análisis de vulnerabilidad sísmica del Claustro de la Merced de Cartagena de Indias. La importancia del estudio está en la necesidad de conocer el estado actual del Claustro y el comportamiento estructural de la edificación tomando como referencia la norma sismo resistente colombiana NSR 10. Para la evaluación de la edificación se llevaron a cabo diferentes procedimientos, entre ellos, levantamientos fotográfico y mapeo de las patologías encontradas, lo cual permitió el análisis detallado de las zonas de mayor afectación. De igual manera se pudo determinar que la zona de mayor afectación en cuanto a patologías es él entrepiso, en donde las condiciones climáticas agresivas de la zona han afectado en gran proporción los elementos estructurales que lo conforman. Con este proyecto se busca caracterizar las patologías de la estructura, y determinar la vulnerabilidad sísmica que pueda presentar esta edificación