Overvåking av plantevernmidler i grunnvann i jordbruksområder 2022-2023. Haslemoen, Rimstadmoen, Lærdal, Horpestad, Grødalen, Skogmo og Lofthus.

Etter oppdrag fra Miljødirektoratet har NIBIO ansvaret for prøvetaking og drift av sju overvåkingsfelt for jordbruksbelastet grunnvann. Haslemoen i Våler kommune, Rimstadmoen i Larvik kommune, Horpestad i Klepp kommune, Nedre Eri i Lærdal kommune, Skogmo i Overhalla kommune, Grødalen i Sunndal kommune samt Lofthus i Ullensvang kommune. Gjennom finansiering fra «Handlingsplan for bærekraftig bruk av plantevernmidler 2022-2025» har det blitt utført tilleggsundersøkelser på disse lokalitetene. Herunder supplerende prøvetaking, analyser av «nye» plantevernmidler, analyse av plantevernmidler i ulike jorddyp for utvalgte kulturer samt drift av automatisk overvåking av grunnvann og markvann. Finansieringen har gitt synergi og økt kunnskapen om plantevernmidler i grunnvann i jordbruksområder. Alle lokalitetene ligger innenfor nasjonale grunnvannsforekomster, som gitt i Vann-Nett. Rapporten gir oversikt over resultater i perioden 2022-2023.Overvåking av plantevernmidler i grunnvann i jordbruksområder 2022-2023. Haslemoen, Rimstadmoen, Lærdal, Horpestad, Grødalen, Skogmo og Lofthus.publishedVersio

Pesticide regulatory risk assessment, monitoring, and fate studies in the northern zone: recommendations from a Nordic-Baltic workshop

201

Multi-year transport studies of sulfonylurea herbicides from a barley field in Norway, 2007-2010 – including development of LC-MS/MS methods for quantitative analysis of sulfonylurea herbicides and degradation products

The report presents the results from multi-year field studies of transport of the sulfonylurea herbicides tribenuron-methyl and amidosulfuron in a barley field in Norway. A method for sample preparation of water samples and LC-MS/MS analysis of 6 sulfonylurea herbicides tribenuron-methyl, amidosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, rimsulfuron) and 5 degradation products (INL5296, INA4098, AEF101630, IN70941, IN70942) is also described.publishedVersio

Health care help seeking behaviour among prisoners in Norway

Background: Prisoners are associated with high health care needs compared with the general population. This study aims to investigate prisoners' use of health service. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 29 prisons in central and southern parts of Norway. A questionnaire was distributed to 1, 454 prisoners (90% response rate). Multilevel analyses were employed to analyse help seeking behaviour among the prisoners. Results: Help seeking was substantially associated with sleep problems and drug problems. There was also a tendency for closed prisons as well as high staffing levels of healthcare professionals to be associated with elevated health care use. Conclusions: This study suggests that sleep problems and drug use are most frequently associated with health service use. The differences in health care use between prisons suggest that the implementation of prison health care standards should be addressed.© 2011 Nesset et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

Short-term risk assessment in the long term: A scoping review and meta-analysis of the Brøset Violence Checklist

What Is Known on the Subject? The Brøset Violence Checklist (BVC) has been widely translated and implemented in diverse mental healthcare settings to improve prevention of violence. It is valued as a brief but effective tool in clinical practice. What the Paper Adds to Existing Knowledge? This review is the largest and most comprehensive international review of the BVC conducted in the 25+ years since the inception of the instrument in 1995. It integrates findings from existing studies and establishes that the tool has many impressive strengths considering the brief time investment required for completion. The review reveals that the tool has been used in more than 20 different countries around the world in a variety of mental health and other settings as both a risk assessment tool to guide clinical practice and as a formally structured intervention to minimize violence. There is much variation in how the tool is implemented and scored in different services. This variation questions its applicability as a resource and consistency and its use needs attention. This variation in use also limits the conclusions regarding best practices. What Are the Implications for Practice? The review supports the use of the BVC as one part of the package for mental health services committed to preventive action aimed at reducing violence and coercion. The review identified that the patient perspective was often absent when completing the BVC, and so this should be considered as an option by services as part of a collaborative philosophy of care. Introduction Existing literature on the Brøset Violence Checklist (BVC) is examined in the context of usability, implementation and validity to provide evidence-based recommendations on its application and identify opportunities for future development. Aim/Question To identify current knowledge on the BVC and guide clinicians and researchers toward the next steps in using this tool in clinical practice to prevent violence in healthcare settings. Method A scoping review approach with a meta-analysis supplement was adopted to broadly identify and map available evidence on the BVC and provide specific estimates of predictive validity in different contexts. Results Sixty-two studies conducted in 23 countries addressed the implementation of the BVC across various settings. Many studies adapted the original BVC, and the clinical utility was noted as an important feature. A meta-analysis of the original BVC format estimated a pooled area under the curve at 0.83 (95% CI 0.78–0.87) in a subset of 15 studies. Discussion The BVC combines high predictive validity and good clinical utility across a wide range of settings and cultures. It should continue to be incorporated into routine practice in mental health services focused on preventing violence and coercion. Implications for practice Development of collaborative approaches with service users involved in assessing their own risk of future violence.publishedVersio

The Predictive Properties of Violence Risk Instruments May Increase by Adding Items Assessing Sleep.

Background: The psychometric instruments developed for short-term prediction of violence in psychiatric inpatients do not include variables assessing sleep. Disturbances in sleep may precede aggression in this setting. We investigated whether adding information on sleep improved the predictive properties of the Brøset Violence Checklist (BVC). Methods: The study population consists of all patients admitted to a psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU) over a 6-month period who were hospitalized for at least one night (n = 50). Sleep observed by staff (521 nights), behavior assessed with the BVC (433 days), and aggressive incidents recorded by the Staff Observation Scale-Revised (n = 14) were included in the analysis. Results: The ability of the BVC to predict aggressive incidents improved from AUCROC 0.757 to AUCROC 0.873 when a combined sleep variable including both sleep duration and night-to-night variations of sleep duration was added to the BVC recordings. The combined sleep variable did not significantly predict aggressive incidents (AUCROC 0.653, p = 0.051). Conclusions: A sleep disturbance variable improves the predictive properties of the BVC in PICUs. Further studies of sleep duration, night-to-night variations in duration of sleep, and aggression are needed.publishedVersionCopyright © 2019 Langsrud, Vaaler, Morken, Kallestad, Almvik, Palmstierna and Güzey. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)

The Predictive Properties of Violence Risk Instruments May Increase by Adding Items Assessing Sleep

Background: The psychometric instruments developed for short-term prediction of violence in psychiatric inpatients do not include variables assessing sleep. Disturbances in sleep may precede aggression in this setting. We investigated whether adding information on sleep improved the predictive properties of the Brøset Violence Checklist (BVC).Methods: The study population consists of all patients admitted to a psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU) over a 6-month period who were hospitalized for at least one night (n = 50). Sleep observed by staff (521 nights), behavior assessed with the BVC (433 days), and aggressive incidents recorded by the Staff Observation Scale-Revised (n = 14) were included in the analysis.Results: The ability of the BVC to predict aggressive incidents improved from AUCROC 0.757 to AUCROC 0.873 when a combined sleep variable including both sleep duration and night-to-night variations of sleep duration was added to the BVC recordings. The combined sleep variable did not significantly predict aggressive incidents (AUCROC 0.653, p = 0.051).Conclusions: A sleep disturbance variable improves the predictive properties of the BVC in PICUs. Further studies of sleep duration, night-to-night variations in duration of sleep, and aggression are needed

Degradation of difenoconazole in water and soil: Kinetics, degradation pathways, transformation products identification and ecotoxicity assessment

Difenoconazole is a widely used triazole fungicide that has been frequently detected in the environment, but comprehensive study about its environmental fate and toxicity of potential transformation products (TPs) is still lacking. Here, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the degradation kinetics, pathways, and toxicity of transformation products of difenoconazole. 12, 4 and 4 TPs generated by photolysis, hydrolysis and soil degradation were identified via UHPLC-QTOF/MS and the UNIFI software. Four intermediates TP295, TP295A, TP354A and TP387A reported for the first time were confirmed by purchase or synthesis of their standards, and they were further quantified using UHPLC-MS/MS in all tested samples. The main transformation reactions observed for difenoconazole were oxidation, dechlorination and hydroxylation in the environment. ECOSAR prediction and laboratory tests showed that the acute toxicities of four novel TPs on Brachydanio rerio, Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum are substantially lower than that of difenoconazole, while all the TPs except for TP277C were predicted chronically very toxic to fish, which may pose a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems. The results are important for elucidating the environmental fate of difenoconazole and assessing the environmental risks, and further provide guidance for scientific and reasonable use.acceptedVersio

Unidimensionality of the Strengths and Vulnerabilities Scales in the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START)

The Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) is a 20-item structured professional judgment instrument for assessing dynamic risk in mental health services. Much of the START research literature examines the relationship between Strengths and Vulnerabilities sub-scale total scores and various adverse outcomes including violence. This assumes that the two sub-scales have the psychometric property of unidimensionality i.e. all the items cluster together as a measure of a single construct. Such assumed unidimensionality is a necessary condition for any analyses based on scale “total score” and the widespread use of scores summated in this way in research studies may obscure more specific clusters of items within each sub-scale. This multinational study examined START assessments (n = 685) conducted in four forensic services in Scandinavia and the UK using principal component analysis. It was found that all but three Strengths items (Substance Use, Social Support and Material Resources) and all but four Vulnerabilities items (Substance Use, Social Support, Material Resources and Self care) loaded >0.5 on the expected component. This indicates a unidimensional structure underlying the START and provides empirical support from a large multinational sample for the widespread use of summated Strengths and Vulnerabilities scores in forensic psychiatric risk research