Navigating Capital Structure during Times of Increasing Interest Rates: Insights from the Real Estate Industry in Sweden

This thesis aims to investigate, problematize, and discuss how listed Real Estate firms in Sweden alter their capital structure in times of increasing interest rates such as presently experienced, if they brought some valuable lessons from previous crises, and how they adapt their financing choices to today’s environment. The navigation these firms’ management needs to master in this aspect is directly affecting the firms’ costs. The Real Estate industry is chosen due to its vulnerability derived from its generally high leverage and reliance on the bond market. However, with the significant shift in the macroeconomic climate marked by increases in interest rates, the Real Estate industry has faced difficulties, leading to their financing strategies of high leverage and substantial bond investments being questioned. To answer our questions of if, when, how, and why these firms alter their capital structures, a qualitative study with an inductive approach has been conducted through interviews with interviewees from three firms within the Real Estate sector in Sweden. In addition, material has been gathered from the companies’ annual reports and their websites. The empirical material has further been analyzed based on the thesis's three sub-questions. The thesis finds that the magnitude of the changes in the capital structure of Real Estate companies relies upon their initial capital structure. Companies with higher initial leverage are forced to change their capital structure because of increasing interest rates and economic instability, whereas lower-leveraged Real Estate firms are less impacted

Retinol dehydrogenases in retinoid metabolism : studies on a 9-cis/11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase in adult and embryonic tissues

Retinoids (vitamin A derivatives) are necessary for normal embryonic development and in the adult, for vision, differentiation of various epithelia, reproduction and in the immune system. The physiological effects of retinoids are mediated by binding to the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs). In the eye, the active retinoid molecule is 11-cis-retinal, which is the common chromophore of all visual pigments. The present study focused on the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of active retinoid metabolites in both embryonic and adult tissues. Novel retinol dehydrogenases belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family were identified using a RT-PCR screening procedure. RDH4, a 32 kDa membrane bound protein, was identified from embryonic mouse tissues and was further suggested to the mouse homologue of the previously cloned 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase, abundantly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). RDH4 was proposed to act as a 9-cis-retinol dehydrogenase in embryonic and various non-ocular adult tissues. Thus, a novel pathway for the generation of 9-cis-retinoic acid was proposed in which 9-cis-retinol is generated from all-trans-retinol in a similar way that 11-cisretinol is generated from all-trans-retinol in the eye. Furthermore, RDH4 may have a dual function depending on substrate availability and expression loci; in the eye RDH4 primarily functions as an 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase whereas in tissues outside of the eye, RDH4 participates in the generation of 9-cis-retinoic acid. Embryonic expression of RDH4 was investigated both using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical technique. RDH4 was expressed in a cell specific manner throughout the murine development first being detected on embryonic day (E) 8-8.5. Predominat expression was found in the floor plate, in somites and somite derivatives, the developing ear and eye, and in organs of endodermal origin. A co-localization study of RHD4 with three aldehyde dehydrogenases revealed only minor sites of co-localization, suggesting other, yet to be identified, retinal dehydrogenases may exist in the developing mouse embryo. Analysis of the membrane topology revealed that the catalytic domain of the bovine 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase and mouse RDH4 has a lumenal orientation, which suggest that generation of cis--retinoids is a compartmentalized process. Mutations in the gene that encodes human 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase (RDH5) have been associated with fundus albipunctatus, an autosomal recessive eye disease. Four mutations, S73F, G238W, R280H and A294P have been further studied with regard to their 9-cis-retinol dehydrogenase activity. Mutants S73F, G238W, and R280H show little or no enzymatic activity using 9-cis-retinol as substrate, in contrast mutant A294P showed enzymatic activity comparable to wild-type protein. Experimental evidence and molecular modeling of RDH5 proposed that functional dimers of RDH5 have to be generated to allow efficient catalytic properties of the enzyme in vivo

The encounter with healthcare professionals - parents experiences when their child is hospitalized : a literature review

Bakgrund När barn är inneliggande på sjukhus så deltar ofta föräldrarna i omvårdnaden enligt vårdfilosofin familjecentrerad omvårdnad. Detta är oftast positivt både för föräldrar och barn men det kan även leda till svårigheter i mötet mellan föräldrar och vårdpersonal eftersom de ska dela på omvårdnadsansvaret. För att föräldrar ska känna sig trygga i detta bör vårdpersonalen uppmuntra deras egenmakt. Genom att föräldrarna upplever mötet positivt kan ett partnerskap mellan vårdpersonal och föräldrar skapas. Syfte Syftet var att belysa hur föräldrar till barn som är inneliggande på sjukhus upplever mötet med vårdpersonalen. Metod Studiedesignen var en litteraturöversikt som baserades på 21 vetenskapliga originalartiklar med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats. Databaserna PubMed och CINAHL användes för datainsamling och artiklarna inhämtades genom att sökord kombinerades ihop i sökblock. Artiklarna har kvalitetsgranskats utifrån Sophiahemmet Högskolas bedömningsunderlag för vetenskaplig klassificering och kvalitet. En integrerad dataanalys genomfördes. Resultat Resultatet sammanställdes i fyra huvudkategorier; relationsskapande möten, information i mötet, roller i mötet samt känslor och behov i mötet. Resultatet visade till exempel att föräldrarna fann det betydelsefullt att vårdpersonalen var förtroendeingivande, visade respekt och kunde fungera som guider. Andra viktiga förmågor var att kunna kommunicera och delge information på ett anpassat sätt och att de kunde hjälpa föräldrarna att hitta och känna sig trygga i sin roll samt hjälpa dem att hantera sina känslor. Slutsats Föräldrar upplevde att kvaliteten på mötet med vårdpersonalen i hög utsträckning kunde påverka deras känsla av egenmakt och hur de kunde hantera sina känslor. Genom att mötet anpassas efter deras önskemål och förutsättningar kan föräldrarna öka sin delaktighet i omvårdnaden och på så sätt kan ett gynnsamt partnerskap etableras. Background When children are hospitalized, parents often participate in the care, in accordance with the nursing philosophy of family-centered care. This is usually beneficial for both parents and children, but it can also lead to difficulties in the encounter between parents and healthcare professionals as they share the responsibility of care. To make parents feel secure in this, healthcare professionals should encourage their empowerment. By ensuring that parents have a positive experience when interacting with healthcare professionals, a partnership between healthcare professionals and parents can be established. Aim The aim was to highlight how parents to hospitalized children experience the encounter with the healthcare professionals. Method The study design was a literature review which was conducted, based on 21 scientific original articles with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The databases PubMed and CINAHL were used for data collection, and articles were retrieved by combining keywords in search blocks. The articles were assessed for quality based on the evaluation criteria from Sophiahemmet Högskola for scientific classification and quality. An integrated data analysis was performed. Results The results were compiled into four main categories: relationship-building encounters, information in the encounter, roles in the encounter, and emotions and needs in the encounter. The results showed, for example, that parents found it significant that healthcare professionals were trustworthy, showed respect, and could serve as guides. Other important abilities included being able to communicate and provide information in an appropriate manner and helping parents find and feel secure in their roles, as well as assisting them in managing their emotions. Conclusions Parents experienced that the quality of the encounter with healthcare professionals could affect their sense of empowerment and how they could manage their emotions. By adapting the encounter to their preferences and circumstances, parents can increase their participation in caregiving, enabling a beneficial partnership to be established

Fundamentos de la responsabilidad social corporativa en el ámbito de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales de la Universidad de Carabobo en su contribución con el desarrollo sostenible

Tutor: Rodríguez, MiguelLa presente investigación se realizó con el propósito de analizar el aporte de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales de la Universidad de Carabobo en el desarrollo sostenible mediante la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa como marco de referencia de un mundo más humano, equitativo y solidario con la presente y futuras generaciones. Para ello se definió como objetivo general, Analizar los Fundamentos de la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa en el ámbito de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales de la Universidad de Carabobo. La investigación es de tipo Descriptiva Analítica complementada con un diseño de investigación Documental y de Campo ya que se requiere obtener información directa de las personas involucradas, así como también conocer la realidad de los hechos en el lugar donde se acontecen los mismos. Para esta investigación se recolectó la información mediante cuestionarios que permitieron analizar las variables expuestas en el objeto de estudio evidenciándose en un 62% de los casos que el docente ha girado información e instrucciones que promuevan una actitud investigativa en los estudiantes y que una tendencia del 52% en los estudiantes expresa que pocas veces participa en actividades de responsabilidad social que se promueven en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales

The encounter with healthcare professionals - parents experiences when their child is hospitalized : a literature review

Bakgrund När barn är inneliggande på sjukhus så deltar ofta föräldrarna i omvårdnaden enligt vårdfilosofin familjecentrerad omvårdnad. Detta är oftast positivt både för föräldrar och barn men det kan även leda till svårigheter i mötet mellan föräldrar och vårdpersonal eftersom de ska dela på omvårdnadsansvaret. För att föräldrar ska känna sig trygga i detta bör vårdpersonalen uppmuntra deras egenmakt. Genom att föräldrarna upplever mötet positivt kan ett partnerskap mellan vårdpersonal och föräldrar skapas. Syfte Syftet var att belysa hur föräldrar till barn som är inneliggande på sjukhus upplever mötet med vårdpersonalen. Metod Studiedesignen var en litteraturöversikt som baserades på 21 vetenskapliga originalartiklar med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats. Databaserna PubMed och CINAHL användes för datainsamling och artiklarna inhämtades genom att sökord kombinerades ihop i sökblock. Artiklarna har kvalitetsgranskats utifrån Sophiahemmet Högskolas bedömningsunderlag för vetenskaplig klassificering och kvalitet. En integrerad dataanalys genomfördes. Resultat Resultatet sammanställdes i fyra huvudkategorier; relationsskapande möten, information i mötet, roller i mötet samt känslor och behov i mötet. Resultatet visade till exempel att föräldrarna fann det betydelsefullt att vårdpersonalen var förtroendeingivande, visade respekt och kunde fungera som guider. Andra viktiga förmågor var att kunna kommunicera och delge information på ett anpassat sätt och att de kunde hjälpa föräldrarna att hitta och känna sig trygga i sin roll samt hjälpa dem att hantera sina känslor. Slutsats Föräldrar upplevde att kvaliteten på mötet med vårdpersonalen i hög utsträckning kunde påverka deras känsla av egenmakt och hur de kunde hantera sina känslor. Genom att mötet anpassas efter deras önskemål och förutsättningar kan föräldrarna öka sin delaktighet i omvårdnaden och på så sätt kan ett gynnsamt partnerskap etableras. Background When children are hospitalized, parents often participate in the care, in accordance with the nursing philosophy of family-centered care. This is usually beneficial for both parents and children, but it can also lead to difficulties in the encounter between parents and healthcare professionals as they share the responsibility of care. To make parents feel secure in this, healthcare professionals should encourage their empowerment. By ensuring that parents have a positive experience when interacting with healthcare professionals, a partnership between healthcare professionals and parents can be established. Aim The aim was to highlight how parents to hospitalized children experience the encounter with the healthcare professionals. Method The study design was a literature review which was conducted, based on 21 scientific original articles with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The databases PubMed and CINAHL were used for data collection, and articles were retrieved by combining keywords in search blocks. The articles were assessed for quality based on the evaluation criteria from Sophiahemmet Högskola for scientific classification and quality. An integrated data analysis was performed. Results The results were compiled into four main categories: relationship-building encounters, information in the encounter, roles in the encounter, and emotions and needs in the encounter. The results showed, for example, that parents found it significant that healthcare professionals were trustworthy, showed respect, and could serve as guides. Other important abilities included being able to communicate and provide information in an appropriate manner and helping parents find and feel secure in their roles, as well as assisting them in managing their emotions. Conclusions Parents experienced that the quality of the encounter with healthcare professionals could affect their sense of empowerment and how they could manage their emotions. By adapting the encounter to their preferences and circumstances, parents can increase their participation in caregiving, enabling a beneficial partnership to be established

Argyrophilic cells in the larynx of the guinea-pig demonstrated by the method of Grimelius.

Argyrophilic cells with branching processes are shown in both the surface epithelium and in the glands in the larynx of adult guinea-pigs using the Grimelius silver technique after GPA fixation. When Bouin's fixative or neutral formalin were used as fixatives argrophilic cells could not be identified