The «Authentic School»: An idiographic nation-history of Freemasonry at the time of the European imperial

Este artículo se propone analizar la «Escuela auténtica», una de las primeras corrientes historiográficas especializadas sobre un objeto mal conocido: la masonería. La «Escuela auténtica» no ha recibido mucha atención académica. Fue originalmente un movimiento desarrollado por ciertos masones anglosajones. Su meta era desempolvar los relatos apócrifos que, en ese momento (y todavía hoy), servían de base para la instrucción de los propios masones. Sus textos siguen circulando, por lo menos en América Latina donde son objetos de traducciones y de reediciones acríticas. Este artículo evalúa primero el marco epistemológico general que enmarcó su formación: la creación de las ciencias sociales e históricas. Aborda luego su genealogía y sus características, de Alemania a Estados Unidos pasando por Inglaterra. Termina por un balance reflexivo a partir de dos preguntas: ¿en qué medida es pertinente hoy recurrir a estas obras? ¿Cuáles fueron sus orígenes, fundamentos, alcances y limitaciones?This article aims to analyse the «Authentic School», one of the first historiographical currents specialized on a poorly known object: freemasonry. The «Authentic School» has not received much academic attention. It was originally a movement developed by certain Anglo-Saxon Freemasons. Their goal was to dust off the apocryphal accounts which, at that time (and still today), served as the basis for the instruction of the Masons themselves. His texts continue to circulate, at least in Latin America where they are the objects of uncritical translations and reissues. This article first evaluates the general epistemological framework that framed his formation: the creation of the social and historical sciences. He then discusses his genealogy and characteristics, from Germany to the United States through England. It ends with a reflective balance based on two questions: to what extent is it relevant today to resort to these works? What were its origins, foundations, scope, and limitations

NCAM180 Regulates Ric8A Membrane Localization and Potentiates β-Adrenergic Response

Cooperation between receptors allows integrated intracellular signaling leading to appropriate physiological responses. The Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) has three main isoforms of 120, 140 and 180 kDa, with adhesive and signaling properties, but their respective functions remains to be fully identified. Here we show that the human NCAM180 intracellular domain is a novel interactor of the human guanosine exchange factor (GEF) Ric8A using the yeast two hybrid system and immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, NCAM, Ric8A and Gαs form a tripartite complex. Colocalization experiments by confocal microscopy revealed that human NCAM180 specifically induces the recruitment of Ric8A to the membrane. In addition, using an in vitro recombinant system, and in vivo by comparing NCAM knock-out mouse brain to NCAM heterozygous and wild type brains, we show that NCAM expression dose dependently regulates Ric8A redistribution in detergent resistent membrane microdomains (DRM). Previous studies have demonstrated essential roles for Ric8 in Gα protein activity at G protein coupled receptors (GPCR), during neurotransmitter release and for asymmetric cell division. We observed that inhibition of Ric8A by siRNA or its overexpression, decreases or increases respectively, cAMP production following β-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Furthermore, in human HEK293T recombinant cells, NCAM180 potentiates the Gαs coupled β-adrenergic receptor response, in a Ric8A dependent manner, whereas NCAM120 or NCAM140 do not. Finally, in mouse hippocampal neurons expressing endogenously NCAM, NCAM is required for the agonist isoproterenol to induce cAMP production, and this requirement depends on Ric8A. These data illustrate a functional crosstalk between a GPCR and an IgCAM in the nervous system

XXVI Congreso Nacional y II Congreso Internacional de SEDEM

Organizan: Sociedad Española de Educación Médica y Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)Comunicaciones aceptadas en el XXVI Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Educación Médica, celebrado en Bilbao del 28 al 30 de noviembre de 2024

El Estado y la sociedad ante la modernidad educativa en Chile: apuntes sobre las escuelas masónicas de Copiapó (1869-1874)

This article investigates the influence of the Masonic lodge of Copiapó in shaping Chile’s public education system during the second half of the 19th century and the conflicts it generated with the Catholic Church. The central question aimed to understand how both institutions, framed within opposing ideological currents— liberalism and conservatism—mobilized their respective social bases in defense of contrary educational projects. The main objective was to elucidate the coordination between the organization of the young nation-state and the consolidation of an active civil society in the educational sphere, exemplified from 1869 by the establishment of secular, popular, and mixed schools. Methodologically, the study is based on the analysis of primary sources, such as press of the time and the archives of the Copiapó lodge, founded in 1862, complemented by national and international secondary literature. Among its main contributions, the research demonstrates how the Masonic initiative, inspired by pan-European modernization models, faced ecclesiastical resistance, highlighting the social and political polarization surrounding education. Thus, this study contributes to understanding the dispute between Freemasonry and the Church and the crucial role of education in the consolidation of the Chilean nation-state.O artigo investiga a influência da loja maçônica de Copiapó na configuração do sistema educacional público chileno durante a segunda metade do século XIX e os conflitos que gerou com a Igreja Católica. A pergunta central busca compreender como ambas as instituições, inseridas em correntes ideológicas opostas —liberalismo e conservadorismo— mobilizaram suas respectivas bases sociais em defesa de projetos educacionais contrapostos. O objetivo principal foi esclarecer a articulação entre a organização do jovem Estado-nação e a consolidação de uma sociedade civil ativa no âmbito educacional, exemplificada a partir de 1869 com a fundação de escolas laicas, populares e mistas. Metodologicamente, o estudo fundamenta-se na análise de fontes primárias, tais como a imprensa da época e os arquivos da loja de Copiapó, fundada em 1862, complementando com bibliografia secundária nacional e internacional. Entre as principais contribuições, destaca-se a demonstração de como a iniciativa maçônica, inspirada em modelos paneuropeus de modernização, enfrentou a resistência eclesiástica, evidenciando a polarização social e política em torno da educação. Assim, a pesquisa contribui para a compreensão do embate entre a maçonaria e a Igreja, e do papel crucial da educação na consolidação do Estado-nação chileno.El artículo investiga la influencia de la logia masónica de Copiapó en la configuración del sistema educativo público chileno durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y los conflictos que generó con la Iglesia católica. La pregunta central se orientó a comprender cómo ambas instituciones enmarcadas en corrientes ideológicas opuestas —liberalismo y conservadurismo— movilizaron sus respectivas bases sociales en defensa de proyectos educativos contrapuestos. El objetivo principal fue dilucidar la articulación entre la organización del joven Estado nación y la consolidación de una sociedad civil activa en el ámbito educativo, ejemplificada a partir de 1869 con la fundación de escuelas laicas, populares y mixtas. Metodológicamente, el estudio se fundamentó en el análisis de fuentes primarias, tales como la prensa de la época y los archivos de la logia de Copiapó, fundada en 1862, complementando con bibliografía secundaria nacional e internacional. Entre los aportes principales destaca la demostración de cómo la iniciativa masónica, inspirada en modelos paneuropeos de modernización, enfrentó la resistencia eclesiástica, evidenciando la polarización social y política en torno a la educación. Así, la investigación contribuye a comprender la disputa entre masonería e Iglesia, y el rol crucial de la educación en la consolidación del Estado nación chileno

Recycled HDPE-tetrapack composites. Isothermal crystallization, light scattering and mechanical properties

ABSTRACTIn this research the thermal and mechanical properties of composites based on recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and recycled Tetrapak have been investigated. The matrix and filler are recovered from landfills. Multicolor HDPE mixtures, with varying concentration of tetrapack flakes, are hot pressed, as well as single color HDPE flakes. Previous studies determine that the nature of the pigment (organics vs. inorganics) strongly influence the mechanical behavior of multicolor HDPE-tetrapack composites. Thus, this research focuses on single color HDPE hot pressed plaques. The kinetics of crystallization under isothermal conditions is determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the crystallization kinetics obeys the Avrami theory, and that the Avrami exponent is 1, irrespective of the pigment in use. Small-angle light scattering is applied to investigate the internal structure of the pigmented HDPE. SALS patterns show that the samples exhibited oriented morphologies. However, after melting and slow cooling under pressure the samples exhibit an isotropic morphology. This is confirmed by polarized optical microscopy. Mechanical properties such as Young’s modulus, yield stress and ultimate tensile stress are obtained under uniaxial tensile deformation at room temperature. For the single color HDPE plaques the Young’s modulus is reduced (after melting), suggesting that the anisotropic molecular chains contribute to the higher value of Young’s modulus.</jats:p