Paisajes culturales en cambio bajo el impacto del exilio, las diásporas y el retorno de la emigración

This article discusses the impact of territorial displacement on Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay during the cycle of dictatorships and democratization of the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century. It points out the complexities and different forms of exile, expatriation and migration which these societies experienced, while asserting that exile could not be undone fully with democratization, as many of those who left did not come back, others left in new waves of expatriation, and even those who did return could not resume what had been left behind. Yet, the experience of living elsewhere broadened the social, political and cultural perspectives. Whether returning or not, or becoming sojourners, many individuals who left during the dictatorship made substantial contributions to the societies of origin in domains as varied as politics, arts and letter, science, the publishing industry, education, the state apparatus and the economy. Illustrations of such varied impact are presented.Este artículo discute el impacto del desplazamiento territorial en Argentina, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay durante el ciclo de dictaduras y democratización de finales del siglo XX y principios del siglo XXI. Señala las complejidades y las diferentes formas de exilio, expatriación y migración que vivieron estas sociedades, al tiempo que afirma que el exilio no se pudo superar completamente con la democratización, ya que muchos de los que se marcharon no regresaron, otros se fueron en nuevas olas de expatriación, e incluso aquellos que regresaron no pudieron reanudar lo que se había dejado atrás. Sin embargo, la experiencia de vivir en otro lugar amplió las perspectivas sociales, políticas y culturales. Ya sea que regresaran o no, o mantuvieran una vida ambulante entre el país de origen y el país de residencia, muchos de aquéllos que dejaron el suelo patrio durante la dictadura hicieron en post-dictadura contribuciones sustanciales a las sociedades de origen en dominios tan variados como la política, las artes y las letras, la ciencia, la industria editorial, la educación, el aparato estatal y la economía. El artículo presenta ilustraciones de tal impacto variado en el Cono Sur

Metamorfosis del exilio y cambios en la estructura del castigo en la modernidad

Desde tiempos inmemoriales ser desterrado ha constituido una pena severa, aunque no la más severa, que un individuo o una comunidad podrían sufrir. La historia humana ofrece innumerables ejemplos, muchos de ellos arquetípicos, de destierro o bien en su terminología moderna, de exilio. El presente trabajo sugiere que junto con la presencia ubicua del fenómeno a lo largo del tiempo y a través de los distintos espacios del globo, se debe reconocer su historicidad, su cambiante funcionalidad en distintas fases históricas y su distintivo uso en distintas sociedades. El objetivo de esta ponencia es pues sugerir líneas de aproximación a tal historicidad, interpretándola en forma preliminar, desde una perspectiva socio-política. (Párrafo extraído a modo de resumen)Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (IdIHCS

La reconstrucción de la identidad colectiva del Uruguay tras las violaciones de los derechos humanos por la Dictadura militar

Toda comunidad humana se piensa a sí misma en términos de identidad colectiva. El proceso de reconstrucción de identidades es fundamental tras haber sufrido experiencias traumáticas a nivel colectivo y personal, como las que atravesó Uruguay durante la d

Articuli Temporis: St. Augustine and Phenomenology on the Temporal Syntax of God’s Self-Disclosure

In this essay, I articulate an Augustinian “philosophy of history” by highlighting some important texts sprinkled throughout St. Augustine’s writings, especially his City of God. I concentrate on Augustine’s claim that there are “joints of time” that structure God’s self-disclosure to us through sacred history, and I develop these Augustinian insights with the help of Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology. While Augustine enables us to see that God’s revelation is achieved in a sacred history that illuminates the deepest structure and order of the temporal flow of human events, Husserl’s phenomenology can be used to show that the structure and order of sacred history is fitting for our natural human mode of encountering being through successive stages of presence and absence. Husserl’s descriptions of the ways in which the identical thing is given to us in grades of fulfillment sheds light on the mystery of God’s revelation by highlighting the temporal dimension of our grasping of the being of things. Throughout the essay, I make use of Robert Sokolowski’s writings in the areas of Husserlian phenomenology and the theology of disclosure

Cidadania mediada : processos de democratização da política municipal no Brasil

This article discusses the notion that the persistence of &ldquo;traditional&rdquo; political practices weakens Brazil&rsquo;s democracy.Drawing on the cases of three Brazilian municipalities administered by the Workers&rsquo; Party (PT), the author examines the space between &ldquo;traditional&rdquo; and &ldquo;modern&rdquo; and argues that successful democratization does not eradicate practices such as clientelism and patronage, but it tends to incorporate and build on these traditional political elements. Moreover, the article maintains that the democratization of municipal politics is inextricably bound up with the eradication of poverty and the construction of a responsive, state-based social safety net.<br /

Fuel for Conspiracy: Suspected Imperialist Plots and the Chaco War

Conspiracy discourse interprets the world as the object of sinister machinations, rife with opaque plots and covert actors. With this frame, the war between Bolivia and Paraguay over the Northern Chaco region (1932–1935) emerges as a paradigmatic conflict that many in the Americas interpreted as resulting from the conspiracy manoeuvres of foreign oil interests to grab land supposedly rich in oil. At the heart of such interpretation, projected by those critical of the fratricidal war, were partial and extrapolated facts, which sidelined the weight of long-term disputes between these South American countries traumatised by previous international wars resulting in humiliating defeats and territorial losses, and thus prone to welcome warfare to bolster national pride and overcome the memory of past debacles. The article reconstructs the transnational diffusion of the conspiracy narrative that tilted political and intellectual imagination towards attributing the war to imperialist economic interests, downplaying the political agency of those involved. Analysis suggests that such transnational reception highlights a broader trend in the twentieth-century Latin American conspiracy discourse, stemming from the theorization of geopolitical marginality and the belief that political decision-making was shaped by the plots of hegemonic powers

Towards standard setting for patient-reported outcomes in the NHS homeopathic hospitals

We report findings from a pilot data collection study within a programme of quality assurance, improvement and development across all five homeopathic hospitals in the UK National Health Service (NHS).&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Aims&lt;/b&gt; (1) To pilot the collection of clinical data in the homeopathic hospital outpatient setting, recording patient-reported outcome since first appointment; (2) to sample the range of medical complaints that secondary-care doctors treat using homeopathy, and thus identify the nature and complexity of complaints most frequently treated nationally; (3) to present a cross section of outcome scores by appointment number, including that for the most frequently treated medical complaints; (4) to explore approaches to standard setting for homeopathic practice outcome in patients treated at the homeopathic hospitals.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Methods&lt;/b&gt; A total of 51 medical practitioners took part in data collection over a 4-week period. Consecutive patient appointments were recorded under the headings: (1) date of first appointment in the current series; (2) appointment number; (3) age of patient; (4) sex of patient; (5) main medical complaint being treated; (6) whether other main medical complaint(s); (7) patient-reported change in health, using Outcome Related to Impact on Daily Living (ORIDL) and its derivative, the ORIDL Profile Score (ORIDL-PS; range, –4 to +4, where a score &#8804;−2 or &#8805;+2 indicates an effect on the quality of a patient's daily life); (8) receipt of other complementary medicine for their main medical complaint.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt; The distribution of patient age was bimodal: main peak, 49 years; secondary peak, 6 years. Male:female ratio was 1:3.5. Data were recorded on a total of 1797 individual patients: 195 first appointments, 1602 follow-ups (FUs). Size of clinical service and proportion of patients who attended more than six visits varied between hospitals. A total of 235 different medical complaints were reported. The 30 most commonly treated complaints were (in decreasing order of frequency): eczema; chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS); menopausal disorder; osteoarthritis; depression; breast cancer; rheumatoid arthritis; asthma; anxiety; irritable bowel syndrome; multiple sclerosis; psoriasis; allergy (unspecified); fibromyalgia; migraine; premenstrual syndrome; chronic rhinitis; headache; vitiligo; seasonal allergic rhinitis; chronic intractable pain; insomnia; ulcerative colitis; acne; psoriatic arthropathy; urticaria; ovarian cancer; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); epilepsy; sinusitis. The proportion of patients with important co-morbidity was higher in those seen after visit 6 (56.9%) compared with those seen up to and including that point (40.7%; P &lt; 0.001). The proportion of FU patients reporting ORIDL-PS &#8805; +2 (improvement affecting daily living) increased overall with appointment number: 34.5% of patients at visit 2 and 59.3% of patients at visit 6, for example. Amongst the four most frequently treated complaints, the proportion of patients that reported ORIDL-PS &#8805; +2 at visit numbers greater than 6 varied between 59.3% (CFS) and 73.3% (menopausal disorder).&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Conclusions&lt;/b&gt; We have successfully piloted a process of national clinical data collection using patient-reported outcome in homeopathic hospital outpatients, identifying a wide range and complexity of medical complaints treated in that setting. After a series of homeopathy appointments, a high proportion of patients, often representing “effectiveness gaps” for conventional medical treatment, reported improvement in health affecting their daily living. These pilot findings are informing our developing programme of standard setting for homeopathic care in the hospital outpatient context

Reconstruir una religión civil a través de la confrontación: Uruguay y el legado del autoritarismo

This articles analyzes how Uruguay, a country that historically grounded its collective identity on civil premises, attempted to reconstruct it after that vision was shattered by the mounting political violence of the 1960s-70s and the civilian-military dictatorship that ruled the country from 1973 to 1985. At the basis of this process, the article identifies the ongoing debates and demands by sectors of society to come to grips with the legacy of authoritarianism in a way that restored legal accountability, truth and justice as basic to core national principles. It claims that this process prompted a critical vision of earlier understandings, which has enabled the coexistence of opposing worldviews without eroding democracy, unlike in the past. The Uruguayan case is of particular comparative relevance for societies where contestation often spills over into political polarization, civil wars and human rights violations.Este artículo analiza la forma en que Uruguay, un país que basó su identidad colectiva en una religión civil, logró reconstruirla con el retorno de la democracia. La visión civilista uruguaya había sido destruida bajo el impacto de la creciente violencia política en las décadas de 1960-70 y la dictadura de 1973-1985 que dejó un legado masivo de violaciones de derechos humanos. El trabajo destaca cómo en la última generación Uruguay logra reconstruir su identidad colectiva mediante un proceso de confrontación que cuestiona el pasado mientras permite la coexistencia de perspectivas opuestas que, a diferencia del pasado, no erosionan la democracia. Comparativamente, el estudio del caso uruguayo es sumamente relevante para sociedades donde confrontaciones desembocan en polarización política, guerras civiles y legados de violaciones a los derechos humanos

Metamorfosis del exilio y cambios en la estructura del castigo en la modernidad

Desde tiempos inmemoriales ser desterrado ha constituido una pena severa, aunque no la más severa, que un individuo o una comunidad podrían sufrir. La historia humana ofrece innumerables ejemplos, muchos de ellos arquetípicos, de destierro o bien en su terminología moderna, de exilio. El presente trabajo sugiere que junto con la presencia ubicua del fenómeno a lo largo del tiempo y a través de los distintos espacios del globo, se debe reconocer su historicidad, su cambiante funcionalidad en distintas fases históricas y su distintivo uso en distintas sociedades. El objetivo de esta ponencia es pues sugerir líneas de aproximación a tal historicidad, interpretándola en forma preliminar, desde una perspectiva socio-política. (Párrafo extraído a modo de resumen)Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (IdIHCS

Changing Cultural Landscapes under the Impact of Exile, Diasporas and Return Migration

This article discusses the impact of territorial displacement on Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay during the cycle of dictatorships and democratization of the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century. It points out the complexities and different forms of exile, expatriation and migration which these societies experienced, while asserting that exile could not be undone fully with democratization, as many of those who left did not come back, others left in new waves of expatriation, and even those who did return could not resume what had been left behind. Yet, the experience of living elsewhere broadened the social, political and cultural perspectives. Whether returning or not, or becoming sojourners, many individuals who left during the dictatorship made substantial contributions to the societies of origin in domains as varied as politics, arts and letter, science, the publishing industry, education, the state apparatus and the economy. Illustrations of such varied impact are presented