Relationship and Management of Anxiety, Depression, Hypothyroidism, and Contraceptives

Objectives: Describe the relationship between anxiety and depression, hypothyroidism, and hormonal contraceptives use. Establish plausible treatment options for anxiety and depression that is tailored for patients also diagnosed with hypothyroidism who are utilizing hormonal contraceptives. Methods: Review databases for sources regarding pathophysiological connections between hypothyroidism with anxiety and depression, hypothyroidism and contraceptive use, and contraceptive use with anxiety and depression. Review sources that discuss treatment options for anxiety and depression. Results: Untreated hypothyroidism results in increased levels of depressive symptoms and decreased quality of life, both of which improve after treatment with thyroid hormone replacement. Hormonal contraceptives alter thyroid hormone levels in the body which can have direct and indirect effects on thyroid function and mental health. Patients on hormonal contraceptives have mixed results on the development or worsening of mental health symptoms. Conclusions: Thyroid function is affected by hormonal contraceptives which can affect a patient’s psychological conditions. Therefore, management for anxiety and depression in this population should be unique to each patient. Special consideration should be paid by the provider and future research should be devoted to evaluating patients’ comorbidities, polypharmacy, and risk factors when determining a treatment regimen for patients with hypothyroidism and anxiety/depression who are utilizing hormonal contraceptives. Keywords: hypothyroidism, anxiety, depression, hormonal contraceptives, side-effects, risk factors, treatment efficac

Atom Scattering from Disordered Surfaces in the Sudden Approximation: Double Collisions Effects and Quantum Liquids

The Sudden Approximation (SA) for scattering of atoms from surfaces is generalized to allow for double collision events and scattering from time-dependent quantum liquid surfaces. The resulting new schemes retain the simplicity of the original SA, while requiring little extra computational effort. The results suggest that inert atom (and in particular He) scattering can be used profitably to study hitherto unexplored forms of complex surface disorder.Comment: 15 pages, 1 figure. Related papers available at http://neon.cchem.berkeley.edu/~dan

Taimede mitmekesisus Euroopas: vaadeldud ja tume elurikkus

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.Elurikkuse hoidmine on looduskaitse olulisemaid eesmärke. Traditsiooniliselt on kasutatud elurikkuse mõõdikuna mingil maa alal esinevate liikide arvu ehk liigirikkust. Kahjuks vaadeldes vaid liikide arvu, ei arvestata liigifondide varieerumist. Liigifondiks nimetatakse liikide kogumit, mis kas juba kuuluvad kooslusesse (vaadeldud liigirikkus), või võiksid sinna potentsiaalselt levida ja sealsetes ökoloogilistes tingimustes elada (tume elurikkus). Tume elurikkus täiendab vaadeldud liigirikkust. Kasutades tumeda elurikkuse käsitlust on võimalik leida ala täielikkuse indeks. Ala täielikkus näitab, kui suur osa liigifondist on tegelikult uurimisalal realiseerunud. Seetõttu tuleks täieliku elurikkuse pildi saamiseks lisaks vaadeldud liigirikkusele arvestada ka puuduolevate, kuid ökoloogiliselt sobivate liikidega ehk tumeda elurikkusega. Antud töö eesmärk oli kasutada tumeda elurikkuse kontseptsiooni, et hinnata taimede elurikkuse jaotust Euroopas. Tumeda elurikkuse leidmiseks rakendasime erinevaid matemaatilisi meetodeid ja pakkusime välja tumeda elurikkuse rakendusi looduskaitses ja invasiooniökoloogias. Antud töös leidsime, et tumeda elurikkuse levikumuster oli üldjoontes sarnane vaadeldud liigirikkusele, siis suured ning väikesed täielikkuse väärtused oli hajali üle kogu Euroopa. Me leidsime, et inimesega seotud tegurid mõjutasid nii vaadeldud liigirikkust kui ka täielikust enam kui keskkonnafaktorid. Kui võtame elurikkuse uuringutes arvesse ka vaatlusalale sobivaid, kuid hetkel puuduolevaid liike, saame paremini põhjustest, miks osad liigid on uurimisalal kohal, aga teised jäävad tumedasse elurikkusesse. Looduskaitsele võib olla eriti informatiivne täielikkuse indeks, kuna see hõlmab üheaegselt nii ala vaadeldud liigirikkuse kui ka tumeda elurikkuse.Preserving biodiversity is one of most important goals of nature conservation. Traditionally a number of species (observed species richness) has been used as measure of biodiversity. Unfortunately species richness as diversity metric could be insufficient due to co-variation of species pools. A species pool is defined as species which are already at the site (observed species richness) and species which could potentially disperse and tolerate local environmental conditions (dark diversity). Dark diversity complements commonly used observed species richness. Using the dark diversity concept, we can calculate the completeness of site diversity. Completeness of site diversity shows how much of the species pool is actually realized at the site. Therefore in order to get more complete picture we should also account also with dark diversity than using observed species richness alone. The purpose of this work was to use the dark diversity concept to quantify plant diversity at the European scale. We use different mathematical methods to estimate dark diversity and how dark diversity can be used in nature conservation and invasion ecology. In this work we found that dark diversity showed similar distribution patterns as observed species richness, although completeness of site diversity showed scattered pattern across Europe. We also found that anthropogenic factors associated more with both observed species richness and completeness of site diversity than natural factors. Accounting for absent but suitable species in biodiversity studies can improve our understanding of processes why we observe species as they are distributed nowadays and why some species remain in dark diversity. Especially completeness of site diversity can be a valuable metric in nature conservation as it accounts for both observed and dark diversity

Interview with Judge James Ronk

The interview discusses the founding and purpose of the Alternative Center with Judge James Ronk, judge in the Juvenile Courthttps://digital.kenyon.edu/ae_interviews/1016/thumbnail.jp

Surface oxidation of liquid Sn

We report the results of an x-ray scattering study that reveals oxidation kinetics and formation of a previously unreported crystalline phase of SnO at the liquid-vapour interface of Sn. Our experiments reveal that the pure liquid Sn surface does not react with molecular oxygen below an activation pressure of \~5.0*10-6 Torr. Above that pressure a rough solid Sn oxide grows over the liquid metal surface. Once the activation pressure has been exceeded the oxidation proceeds at pressures below the oxidation pressure threshold. The observed diffraction pattern associated with the surface oxidation does not match any of the known Sn oxide phases. The data have an explicit signature of the face-centred cubic structure, however it requires lattice parameters that are about 9% smaller than those reported for cubic structures of high-pressure phases of Sn oxides. Keywords: X-ray scattering, diffraction, and reflection; Oxidation; Surface chemical reaction; Surface structure, morphology, roughness, and topography; Tin; Tin oxides; Liquid surfaces; Polycrystalline thin filmsComment: 18 pages, 6 figures, 1 table; Submitted to Surface Scienc