Client, employer and employee: Mapping a complex triangulation

Many studies in the fields of Law, Sociology and Management point out the transformation of subordination in the employment relation. This transformation of subordination is often explained by the triangulation of the traditionally bilateral employment relation between employer and employees, due in large part to the intrusion of clients or their representatives in the operational and organizational conditions of work, without necessarily distinguishing between the various types of clients, nor between the reality and the rhetoric of the role and the weight of the client. The objective of this paper is 1) to propose a classification of the triangular situations between employer, employees and clients based on the power concept and 2) to analyse the impacts of clients on work conditions and employment relations

Cliente, datore di lavoro e lavoratore : cartografia di una triangolazione complessa

Molti studi nel campo del diritto, della sociologia e del management si interrogano sulla trasformazione del vincolo della subordinazione che lega datore di lavoro e lavoratori. Tale trasformazione è spesso spiegata con una nuova articolazione, in senso trilaterale, della tradizionale relazione di lavoro bilaterale tra datore di lavoro e lavoratori. La triangolazione sarebbe dovuta in larga misura all'intrusione del cliente o di suoi rappresentanti nell'organizzazione del lavoro: tuttavia, in quegli studi non si procede alle opportune distinzioni tra i vari tipi di clienti, né tra il piano della realtà concreta e il discorso teorico sul ruolo e sul peso del cliente. Obiettivo di questo articolo è dunque di proporre una classificazione delle situazioni triangolari tra datore di lavoro, lavoratori e clienti, basata sul concetto di potere e di analizzare in ciascuna situazione l'impatto del cliente sui rapporti di lavoro e sulle condizioni di impiego

Prevention of chronic renal failure in the adult

peer reviewedChronic renal failure is an unrecognised disease, with an insidious and rather silent development, for which the general practitioners are too often passive. This review would like to insist on the detection of people at risk or with early abnormalities, on the optimal guidelines to slowdown the evolution to more severe and irreversible stages, on the prevention of uremic and cardiovascular complications and on the preparation to end stage renal treatments

Consommation de substances psychoactives, troubles du comportement et sentiments dépressifs à l'adolescence

Cet article examine la cooccurrence de trois types de problèmes d'adaptation à l'adolescence : la consommation problématique de psychotropes, les troubles du comportement (trouble oppositionnel et trouble des conduites) et les sentiments dépressifs (dépression et dysthymie). Il examine aussi les caractéristiques comportementales et sociofamiliales qui, au cours de l'enfance, distinguent les jeunes avec plusieurs problèmes d'adaptation de ceux avec un seul problème ou aucun problème. Plus de 1600 jeunes de toutes les régions du Québec ont participé à l'étude. Ces jeunes étaient âgés en moyenne de 15,7 ans lorsqu'ils ont participé à une entrevue visant à déterminer la présence possible d'une consommation problématique de psychotropes, de problèmes de comportement et de sentiments dépressifs. Leurs caractéristiques comportementales et sociofamiliales avaient été évaluées au préalable (entre l'âge de 6 et 12 ans) à l'aide de questionnaires remplis par les parents et les enseignants. Les résultats révèlent que près de 10 % des jeunes éprouvent deux ou trois problèmes d'adaptation. Ces jeunes se distinguent de ceux avec un seul problème sur diverses dimensions personnelles et sociofamiliales au cours de l'enfance. Les jeunes avec un seul problème représentent un peu plus de 25 % de l'échantillon. À leur tour, ils se distinguent du groupe sans problème sur plusieurs variables. Le groupe des jeunes qui affichent seulement un problème de consommation de psychotropes fait toutefois exception. La discussion souligne l'importance de connaître s'il y a présence simultanée de plusieurs problèmes et propose d'intervenir préventivement auprès des jeunes qui risquent de présenter plusieurs problèmes.Psychoactive substance abuse, behavioral disorder and depression during adolescence This article examines coocurrence of three types of problems of adaptation during adolescence : abuse of psychotropic drugs, behavioral disorder (oppositional and behavioral disorders) and feelings of depression (depression and dysthymia). The study also examines behavioral, social as well as family characteristics which, during childhood, distinguish youths with many adaptation problems from those with only one or no problem. More than 1600 youths from all regions of Quebec participated in the study. These youths were around 15,7 years old when they completed an interview aiming at determining the possible presence of abusive use of psychotropic drugs, behavioral problems and feelings of depression. Their behavioral and sociofamilial characteristics had been previously evaluated (between the ages of 6 and 12) with questionnaires answered by parents and teachers. Results reveal that almost 10 % of youths experience two or three adaptation problems. These youths distinguish themselves from those with only one problem on various personal and sociofamilial dimensions in the course of childhood. Those with one problem represent a little more than 25 % of the sample. They also distinguish themselves from the group of youth with no problem on several variables. However, the group of youths with a problem of substance abuse only, is an exception. The discussion underlines the importance of knowing if there is simultaneous presence of several problems and proposes to intervene in a preventive fashion with youths who risk experiencing many problems.Consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, turbios de comportamiento y sentimiento depresivos durante el adolescencia Este artículo examina el acontecimiento de tres tipos de problemas de adaptación durante la adolescencia: el consumo problemático de psicótropos, turbios de comportamiento (turbios oposicional y turbio de conductas) y sentimientos depresivos (depresion y distemia). Examina también caracteristicas comportamentales y sociofamiliares cuales, durante la enfancia, distinguen los jovenes con varios problemas de adaptación de los con un solo problema o sin problema. Más de 1600 jóvenes de cada region del Québec participaron al estudio. Estos jovenes tenian en medida 15,7 años cuando participaron a una entrevista para determinar la presencia posible de un consumo problemático de psicótropos, de problemas de comportamiento y de sentimientos depresivos. Sus caracteristicas comportamentales habian sido evaluadas previamente (entre 6 y 12 años de edad) con la ayuda de cuestionarios llenados por los padres y los profesores. Los resultados revelan que cerca de 10% de jovenes sufren de dos o tres problemas de adaptación. Estos jovenes se distingan de los con un problema sobre varias dimensiones personales y sociofamiliares durante la enfancia. Jovenes con un problema representan un poco mas de 25% del escantillón. A su vez se distingan del grupo sin problema sobre varias variables. El grupo de jovenes con un problema de consumo de psicótropos hace sin embargo excepción. La discusión subraya la importancia de conocer si hay presencia simultanea de varios problemas y propone una intervención preventiva con jovenes quienes riesgan presentar varios problemas