Kosteusvauriot ja niiden kartoitus pientaloissa

Tämä opinnäytetyö on tehty omaan työhön perehtymisen tueksi. Opinnäytetyö on tar-koitettu oppaaksi vastavalmistuneelle rakennustekniikan insinöörille, joka haluaa pe-rehtyä kosteusvaurioihin ja kosteuskartoituksiin. Opinnäytetyö on kirjoitettu Polygon Finland Oy:n käyttämien menetelmien ja käytäntöjen pohjalta. Polygon Finland Oy:n käyttämiä menetelmiä kosteuskartoituksessa ovat muun muassa vuodonhaku, koste-usmittaukset ja sisäilmatutkimukset. Opinnäytetyön tukena (teoreettinen viitekehys) on käytetty paljon erilaista kirjallisuutta ja tutkimustietoa. Aiheesta on tehty runsaasti erilaista tutkimusta, koska kosteusvauriot ja sisäilmaongelmat ovat yleistyneet viime vuosien aikana. Tähän syynä ovat raken-nusvirheet sekä Suomen muuttuvat sääolosuhteet. Opinnäytetyössä käydään läpi yleisimpiä rakennuksissa vastaan tulevia kosteusvauri-oiden aiheuttajia, kuten kapillaariset vedennousut ja kondessivedet. Työssä käydään läpi niin äkillisiä kuin myös pitkällä aikavälillä kehittyneitä kosteusvaurioita. Toisena pääaiheena työssä on kosteusvaurioiden kartoittamisessa käytettävät mene-telmät, joita esittelen teorian ja käytännön keinoin, runsaasti kuvamateriaalia apuna käyttäen. Osa kuvista on kirjoittajan työssään ottamia ja siksi erityisen havainnollista-via. Työn tarkoitus on tuoda esille, kuinka tärkeää on pitää oman rakennuksensa kunnosta huolta. Lisäksi työssä tuodaan myös esille huolellisen ja vastuullisen rakentamisen tärkeys uudis- ja korjauskohteissa. Työn tavoite on tuoda edellä mainitut asiat konkretian tasolle ja siten tehdä aiheesta hieman helpommin ymmärrettävä. Opinnäytetyö on keskittynyt tutkimaan aihetta teorian ja käytännön kautta, ja se on verrattavissa teoreettiseen kirjallisuuskatsaukseen. Opinnäytetyö alkaa käsitteiden läpikäynnillä, jotta lukijan on helppo päästä opinnäytetyön tekstiin ja kerrontaan mukaan.The thesis is intended as a guide for a recently graduated construction engineer who wants to become familiar with the damp measuring and moisture damage. The purpose of the thesis is to support of work orientation. The thesis was made based to main methods of humidity measurements of Polygon Finland Oy. The main methods in Polygon Finland Oy of damp measuring are searching a leakage, humidity measurements and indoor air quality investigations. This thesis is mainly based on relevant literature, laws, regulations and other publica-tions of the field. There are numerous studies about moisture damages, because the damage caused by moisture and indoor air quality problems have become more com-mon in recent years. This is caused by construction defects, as well as Finland’s changing weather conditions. The thesis discusses the most common moisture damage causes of buildings, for ex-ample capillary water rises and condensing water. The thesis deals with both acute and long-term moisture damage. The second main theme is the work methods used for moisture damage mapping, which will be presented based on theory and practical examples. The thesis includes a large number of pictures, which have been taken at the worksite, are therefore particu-larly illustrative. The purpose of the study was to underline how important it is to maintain the condition of the building. In addition, the work also underlines the importance of careful and re-sponsible construction. The goal is to bring the above-mentioned cases the substantial level and to make constructions somewhat easier to understand. The thesis is focused on research the topic with theory and practical work

Sovereignty and underdevelopment: Juridical statehood in the African crisis

Cuando hablamos del “estado” en África Tropical de hoy día, es posible que hayamos creado una ilusión. Habitualmente el término significa una estructura política independiente con suficiente autoridad y poder como para gobernar un territorio definido y su población: es la estatalidad empírica. Esta es la noción predominante del estado en la teoría moderna política, jurídica y social y es una aproximación bastante fiel al hecho histórico en muchas partes del mundo —no solo en Europa y América del Norte, donde se desarrollaron y se enraizaron los primeros estados modernos, sino también en América del Sur, Oriente Medio y Asia, donde han surgido más recientemente—. Sin embargo, aunque el estado es una realidad ineludible, muchos de los llamados estados del África Tropical carecen de los elementos imprescindibles de la estatalidadWhen we speak of 'the state' in Tropical Africa today, we are apt to create an illusion. Ordinarily the term denotes an independent political structure of sufficient authority and power to govern a defined territory and its population: empirical statehood. This is the prevailing notion of the state in modern political, legal, and social theory, and it is a fairly close approximation to historical fact in many parts of the world —not only in Europe and North America, where modern states first developed and are deeply rooted, but also in some countries of South America, the Middle East, and Asia here they have more recently emerged. Nevertheless, even if the state is an inescapable reality, many so-called states in Tropical Africa, are seriously lacking in the essentials of statehood

New Fe II energy levels from stellar spectra

The spectra of B-type and early A-type stars show numerous unidentified lines in the whole optical range, especially in the 5100 - 5400 A interval. Because Fe II transitions to high energy levels should be observed in this region, we used semiempirical predicted wavelengths and gf-values of Fe II to identify unknown lines. Semiempirical line data for Fe II computed by Kurucz are used to synthesize the spectrum of the slow-rotating, Fe-overabundant CP star HR 6000. We determined a total of 109 new 4f levels for Fe II with energies ranging from 122324 cm^-1 to 128110 cm^-1. They belong to the Fe II subconfigurations 3d^6(^3P)4f (10 levels), 3d^6(^3H)4f (36 levels), 3d^6(^3F)4f (37 levels), and 3d^6(^3G)4f (26 levels). We also found 14 even levels from 4d (3 levels), 5d (7 levels), and 6d (4 levels) configurations. The new levels have allowed us to identify more than 50% of the previously unidentified lines of HR 6000 in the wavelength region 3800-8000 A. Tables listing the new energy levels are given in the paper; tables listing the spectral lines with loggf>/=-1.5 that are transitions to the 4f energy levels are given in the Online Material. These new levels produce 18000 lines throughout the spectrum from the ultraviolet to the infrared.Comment: Paper accepted by A&A for publicatio

Interface localized modes and hybrid lattice solitons in waveguide arrays

We discuss the formation of guided modes localized at the interface separat- ing two different periodic photonic lattices. Employing the effective discrete model, we analyze linear and nonlinear interface modes and also predict the existence of stable interface solitons including the hybrid staggered/unstaggered lattice solitons with the tails belonging to spectral gaps of different types.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Opt. Let

Demonstration of all-optical beam steering in modulated photonic lattices

We demonstrate experimentally all-optical beam steering in modulated photonic lattices induced optically by three beam interference in a biased photorefractive crystal. We identify and characterize the key physical parameters governing the beam steering, and show that the spatial resolution can be enhanced by the additional effect of nonlinear beam self-localization.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figure

Observation of nonlinear self-trapping in triangular photonic lattices

We experimentally study light self-trapping in triangular photonic lattices induced optically in nonlinear photorefractive crystals. We observe the formation of two-dimensional discrete and gap spatial solitons originating from the first and second bands of the linear transmission spectrum.We acknowledge support from the Australian Research Council

Switching management in couplers with biharmonic longitudinal modulation of refractive index

We address light propagation in couplers with longitudinal biharmonic modulation of refractive index in neighboring channels. While simplest single-frequency out-of-phase modulation allows suppression of coupling for strictly defined set of resonant frequencies, the addition of modulation on multiple frequency dramatically modifies the structure of resonances. Thus, additional modulation on double frequency may suppress primary resonance, while modulation on triple frequency causes fusion of primary and secondary resonances.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Optics Letter

Observation of localized modes at phase slips in two-dimensional photonic lattices

We study experimentally light localization at phase-slip waveguides and at the intersection of phase-slips in a two-dimensional (2D) square photonic lattice. Such system allows to observe a variety of effects, including the existence of spatially localized modes for low powers, the generation of strongly localized states in the form of discrete bulk and surface solitons, as well as a crossover between one-dimensional (1D) and 2D localization.Comment: 4 double-column pages, 6 figures, submitted for publicatio