Air breakdown characteristics in plane-plane and sphere gap electrode configuration under lightning impulse

This report describes the air breakdown characteristics in plane-plane and sphere gap electrode configuration under lightning impulse. The breakdown in air (spark breakdown) is the transition of a non-sustaining discharge into a self�sustaining discharge. In electrical power system, high voltage power equipments are mainly subjected with spark over voltage. This over voltage which may causes by the lightning strokes, switching action and so on. In this project, two different electrodes (plane-plane and sphere gap) are used to study the air breakdown characteristics. This two electrodes are tested by using different gap start with 0.5 cm, 1.0 cm until 2.5 cm. Refer to British Standard BS EN 60060 that explained detail about the general definitions and test requirements for high voltage test techniques to construct in this project. In addition, TERCO lightning impulse circuit are use to obtain the lightning impulse waveform. To estimate U50 during the experimental, up and down method are used with the value of n ≥ 20. Finite element method magnetic software (FEMM) is use to shows the potential higher electric field occurs around the electrodes. Vector and contour around the electrodes also can be viewed. From this project can conclude that electric field distribution between two conductors (or electrodes) depends on applied voltage (U50), gap between electrodes, types and surface of electrodes. In the end of this project, the relationship between voltage (U50) and gap, electric field (|Emax|) and gap, field utilization factor (η) and gap, U50 and field utilization factor (η) and electric field (|Emax|) and field utilization factor (η) have been constructed with help of graph

Pembangunan CD ROM interaktif bagi tajuk ECG library interactive

Pembangunan perisian pengajaran dan pembelajaran berkomputer merupakan era baru dalam penyediaan bahan pengajaran bagi sesuatu matapelajaran. Kajian pembangunan perisian interaktif ini adalah untuk menilai dan menguji kebolehan serta keupayaan di dalam membangunkan sesebuah perisian multimedia interaktif bagi mata pelajaran Sistem Klinikal Gunaan khusus untuk pelajar Diploma Elektronik Perubatan sesi 2003/2004 di Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah, Shah Alam Selangor. Kajian ini meliputi aspek mesra pengguna, kesesuaian paparan maklumat, kesesuaian unsur motivasi dan peningkatan daya kognitif. Metadologi kajian ini berdasarkan soal selidik yang diedarkan kepada 34 orang pelajar yang sedang mengambil matapelajaran ini. Penganalisan data menggunakan SPSS versi 11.5 dan dapatan kajian dianalisis dengan skor min. Hasil dapatan kajian merujuk kepada analisis data yang didapati. Perisian interaktif ini dapat diterima oleh pelajar dari segi mesra pengguna, kesesuaian paparan maklumat, kesesuaian unsur motivasi dan peningkatan daya kognitif di dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran mereka. Diharap CD interaktif ini boleh dijadikan sebagai satu alternatif baru dalam meningkatkan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran serta mendedahkan pelajar terhadap penggunaan komputer dan teknologi maklumat

Structures of Surfactant System Studied by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy

Surfactant system has many applications in industry. Many investigations have been carried out on surfactants using various methods such as small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), small-angle x-ray scattering(SAXS),conductivity freeze-fracture electron microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).In the positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy technique, the lifetime ('t2)of positron that interacts with surfactant medium is measured using fast coincidence system. The intensity of formation of orthopositronium(12), when positron interact with aggregate of surfactant system are sensitive to phase changes. In amphiphilic system with bicontinous character geometry of periodic phase can be explained using minimal surfaces. Factors influencing the topology includes the length of surfactant and cosurfactant tails and the aqueous volume fraction. Positron are readily attracted to these centres. Changes in the geometry of the interfacial layer thus will influence the lifetime and intensity of the orthopositronium atom formed. These parameters are obtainable using the POSITR ON FIT programme. In this study, three surfactant systems were investigated. Firstly, the intensity (12) and lifetime ("(2) of the Didodecyl DimethylAmmonium Bromide (ODAB) - Water - Octane system were measured at various amount of water content in the surfactant system in the diamond and body centred cubic phases. A symmetry transitions from diamond phase to body-centred cubic phase was observed in this system

A new hybrid mathematical model for interference management by combining of fractional frequency reuse and dynamic power control methods in femtocell networks / Mastura Rosdi

The increase in capacity and system data rate may lead to capacity problems and hence become one of the crucial issues in any Mobile Communication Networks. Although the Long Term Evolution (LTE) is called the 4th Generation of the Mobile Cellular Communication Network, it can no longer solve the problem regarding the capacity of the cell. In order to cope with the increase in demand for stable and high data rates among mobile users, femtocell or Home Evolve Node B (HeNB) has been developed to improve indoor capacity and coverage. Deploying femtocells in macrocell are one of the efficient ways to improve the performance of mobile services in high traffic congested areas. Femtocell is a small and lightweight base station that aims for indoor usage such as at home or in an enterprise and provide better user experiences to users. However, femtocell deployments caused interference between femtocells itself and also to the existing macrocells. This thesis studied the two combining interference methods in LTE Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) in order to reduce interference in HetNets which are the Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) and Dynamic Power Control (DPC) methods

Effects Of Thinning On Growth And Sap Flow In Nine-Year-Old Azadirachta Excelsa (Jack) In Merlimau,Melaka, Malaysia

Since 1997, the forest plantation in Malaysia has gained further momentum with the inclusion of selected indigenous species for forest plantation development. Considering the size of plantations being established, the need for studies on silvicultural operation is widely recognized. Until now, except for Acacia mangium, there was no specific model on silviculture and maintenance of each species being planted in Malaysia. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of thinning regime on the diameter growth, stand volume and crown structure and to determine the effect of sap flow of thinned and unthinned A. excelsa stands. The study was conducted in the, Sime Darby Estates, Merlimau, Melaka. The A.excelsa stands were planted at an initial spacing of 3 x 4 m (833 stem ha-1) over 2 hectares in May 1995. There were two treatments used for this study; unthinned as control and moderate thinning, where 50% of the stand were felled systematic according to lines. In addition sap flow velocity of selected trees in both treatments were measured using heat pulse probe connected to data logger. During the study, the achieved mean diameter at breast height of A. excelsa was 14.30 ± 0.81 cm and the mean of the potential final crop trees (300 trees ha-1) of 18.99 ± 0.78 cm. The mean periodic annual diameter increment was 1.87 ± 0.07 cm year-1 before thinning and 1.60 ± 0.08 cm year-1 23 months after thinning. The periodical annual diameter increments are not significantly different between plots after 23 months. The diameter increment is still increasing indicating that the growth of the species has not reached the optimum rate. The response to thinning also includes the effect on the expansion of the crowns. Results presented from this trial have indicated that the thinning has a positive effect on crown development in which thinned A.excelsa stand reached up to 6.5 m in length, as compared with the unthined treatment up to 5.0 m. The crown length increment was significantly, being greater by quantify by 30% in the thinned plot. The crown radial of both unthinned and thinned stand varied from 0.2 to 3.6 m and 0.1 to 4.2 m respectively. The amount of water loss in the thinned stand was significantly higher than those in the unthinned plot, 0.53 liter/hour compared with 0.32 liter/hour respectively. The rate of water loss for A. excelsa at thinned stand was higher than those from unthinned stand with a total of 12.02 liters and 10.27 liters over day respectively. Higher soil moisture content was also observed in thinned plot compared to unthinned plot. This study provides useful information on the growth of A.excelsa due to thinning activities by creating the gap opening and the water loss implication after thinning was undertaken. Such information is useful in making long-term growth projections with growth adjusted to variation of microclimate within the stand

Proses Peningkatan Kualiti dalam Pengajaran Melalui ISO 9000 di Universiti Putra Malaysia

Kajian ini bertujuan memahami proses peningkatan kualiti dalam pengajaran melalui ISO 9000. Selaras dengan dasar pengkorporatan universiti dan persaingan antara IPTA dengan IPTS yang semakin tinggi, UPM memerlukan proses pengajaran yang berkualiti. Universiti yang dianggap berkualiti akan menarik minat pelanggan dan dengan demikian peningkatan kualiti menjadi semakin penting. Melalui ISO 9000, UPM menjanjikan kepastian kualiti pengajaran kepada pelanggannya di mana perkhidmatan pengajaran yang diberikan olehnya memenuhi standard yang ditetapkan secara konsisten. Seramai 8 responden yang terlibat dalam pelaksanaan ISO 9000 di UPM telah dipilih. Temubual secara mendalam dengan setiap responden telah dijalankan. Setiap temubual memakan masa tidak kurang daripada satu jam. Semua temubual dirakamkan ke dalam pita rakaman dan kemudiannya dituliskan semula bagi memudahkan proses analisis data. Daripada kajian ini, kefahaman responden boleh dibahagikan kepada empat aspek iaitu (1) konsep kualiti pengajaran; (2) konsep ISO 9000 dalam peningkatan kualiti pengajaran; (3) proses peningkatan kualiti pengajaran dan proses pencapaian ISO 9000 dalam pengajaran; dan (4) cabaran dalam proses mempertingkatkan kualiti pengajaran melalui ISO 9000. Konsep kualiti pengajaran dilihat sebagai kejayaan melahirkan graduan yang cemerlang pada keseluruhannya, diterima dan dapat memberikan perkhidmatan yang berkualiti kepada majikan. Dalam hal ini selain proses pemindahan ilmu, kualiti input pelajar juga memberi kesan terhadap melahirkan graduan yang cemerlang. Proses peningkatan kualiti melalui ISO 9000 memerlukan komitmen dan penglibatan tinggi semua pihak. ISO 9000 dilihat sebagai satu struktur asas untuk mencapai pengurusan kualiti yang lebih menyeluruh. Beberapa cabaran perlu diatasi dalam mencapai pengiktirafan ISO 9000. Antaranya kefahaman umum yang masih kabur, mendapatkan komitmen yang lebih mantap, memerlukan penilaian dan pemantauan yang lebih menyeluruh, dan sasaran pencapaian yang lebih realistik. Selain itu beberapa pembaharuan sistem kerja dan struktur organisasi juga perlu dilaksanakan. Peningkatan kualiti dalam pengajaran dilihat sebagai satu proses yang perlu dilaksanakan secara berterusan

PENERAPAN PASAL 303 KUHP TERHADAP TINDAK PIDANA PERJUDIAN ONLINE DALAM SURAT DAKWAAN DITINJAU DARI ASPEK KEPASTIAN HUKUM (Kajian Putusan Nomor : 278/Pid.B/2020/PN Tsm).

Gambling is one of the criminal offenses. Gambling is contained in Article 303 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code. Along with the development of technology and information. Crimes are committed using computers or other electronic media. An example is about online gambling in Article 27 paragraph (2) of Law number 11 of 2008 concerning ITE. One of the criminal procedure processes is prosecution according to Article 1 point 7 of the Criminal Procedure Code. In prosecution, the preparation of indictments must be prepared carefully, clearly and completely. In accordance with the applicable acts and regulations, gambling cases occur in the Tasikmalaya District Court Decision with Decision Number 278/Pid.B/2020/PN Tsm. the question is whether the indictment in the decision is in accordance with the acts and regulations? and what are the juridical consequences that occur? The purpose of this study is to determine whether the indictment in the Tasikmalaya District Court Decision with Decision Number 278/Pid.B/2020/PN Tsm. Has been in accordance with the actions and laws and regulations. As well as knowing how the juridical consequences are. This research uses normative juridical method by using statutory approach and case approach. This research was analyzed prescriptively. The results of this study indicate that the indictment is not in accordance with the act because the indictment is Article 303 paragraph (1) to 1 of the Criminal Code

Characterization of TMED-copper (I) iodide (CuI) thin film and performance of solid state dye sensitized solar cell applications / Ayib Rosdi Zainun

This thesis investigates the use of eco-friendly copper (I) iodide or cuprous iodide (CuI), a p-type semiconductor material, with the incorporation of a chelating agent or organic ligand, called tetramethylethylenediamine (TMED@TMEDA) in the preparation for solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The CuI solution incorporated with the ligand was dispersed in acetonitrile solvent and deposited on glass and indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) substrates. The thin film is characterized to study its suitability for applications in dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC), a low cost solar cell but having high energy conversion efficiency. From the characterization, compared to that of pure CuI film, its optical properties show improved band-gap energy, while its electrical properties show improved conductivity. An efficient solid-state dyesensitized solar cell (n-TiO2/dye/p-CuI) with improved stability was fabricated. The TMED-capped CuI crystals not only controls pore-filling of the dyed TiO2 layer but also improves the electrical contacts between the TiO2 particles, which in general improves the efficiency of the DSSCs. Current-voltage characteristics of the cell showed a larger energy conversion, achieving higher energy conversion efficiency and improved stability

Warpage optimization of a name card holder using neural network model

Injection molding has become widely process that used in plastic manufacturing. To produce high quality product, it has to consider the process condition. In this study, optimum parameters for injection molding of a name card holder are determined. Finite element software MoldFlow, statistical design of experiment and artificial neural network are used in finding optimum value. The process parameter influencing warpage is determined using finite element software based on data using full factorial design. By exploiting finite element analysis result, a predictive model using artificial neural network is created. Optimum value is determined by comparing result by using finite element analysis and optimization using artificial neural network and choose the smallest percentage of error

Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Islam Dan Kesannya Terhadap Peningkatan Disiplin Pelajar: Kajian Di Sekolah-sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Negeri Perlis

Matlamat unggul dalam pendidikan menurut Islam ialah untuk melahirkan individu mulia yang cemerlang di dunia dan akhirat. The main objective of education in Islam is to produce noble and excellence individual in this world and the hereafter