The Use of Live, Frozen and Pottasium Permanganate Treated Moina micrura for Catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) Larvae

Live, frozen and pottasium permanganate (KMnO4) treated Moina micrura were fed to catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) larvae for 20 days. The aim of KMnO4 treatment prior to feeding was to minimise the level of microorganisms present in them. micrura culture. The growth rates and feed conversion ratios for the live untreated and KMn04 treated M. micrura were not significantly different. Frozen M. micrura had a significantly lower growth rate and significantly higher feed conversion compared with the live, untreated M. micrura. The results on relative growth and feed conversion of fry fed the treated and untreated suggest that M. micrura retained its nutritive qualities even when treated with 1µM KMn04 and is suitable as a larval feed

Supplementing Artificial Diets for Catfish (Glarias macrocephalus)Fry with Tubifex

Three-week-old catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) fry were fed experimental diets at protein levels of 30% and 35% fish meal dominant and 35% and 40% soybean dominant types for 8 weeks. Nine treatments were tested with four treatment consisting wholly of experimental diets, one ofTubifex (control) and the remaining four diets supplemented with live Tubifex. Fish reared on experimental diets supplemented with live Tubifex fed more actively and showed better growth and feed efficiency than those reared without supplemented diets. Those on the 30% and 35% fish meal dominant feed showed significantly better growth and feed conversion than those fed 35% 40% soybean dominant diet

Sustaining Aquaculture Development : The Feeds and Feeding Connection

Aquaculture has traditionally played a role in ensuring food security for humans and is often a component of rural development programmes to alleviate poverty. In the last three decades, the aquaculture industry has grown at an unprecedented rate stimulated by the increased demand for fish and fishery products as global population awareness of fish as a health food increased and the almost static production from capture fisheries. Indeed, aquaculture has expanded to become the fastest food producing industry in the world and is expected to contribute to more than half of the global fish consumption by 2030 (FAO, 2000)

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE FERMENTATIVE EXTRACT OF Lactobacillus acidophilus AS ANTIMICROBIALS AGAINST Aeromonas hydrophila

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of the commercial Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) cells and cell free extract against Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). The in vitro method was carried out using well diffusion method. For in vivo evaluation, the effect of L. acidophilus on the survival rate of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (P. hypophthalmus) infected with A. hydrophila was evaluated. The well diffusion method showed a significant inhibition ability of L. acidophilus cells against A. hydrophila compared to the cell free extract. The inhibition diameters obtained with cells and cell free extract were 17.23 mm and 15.17 mm, respectively. P. hypophthalmus injected with L. acidophilus cells and cell free extract following challenged with A. hydrophila cells showed survival rate of 70% and 60% respectively, at 2-week post challenged. The gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) result revealed that a diverse of compounds was detected in both the L. acidophilus cells and cell free extract, among them the most abundant component was pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl), which showed a promising anticancerous activity and might be played a significant role in the recovery of the infectious P. hypophthalmus. The current study revealed that both cells and cell free extract of L. acidophilus have antimicrobial activity against A. hydrophila

Establishment Of Protocol For Producing High Yield Of Antioxidant Active Flavonoids From Mimosa Pigra.

A study was carried out to determine a procedure for producing high yield of bioactive flavonoids from Mimosa pigra as antioxidant. Various parts of Mimosa pigra were extracted using various solvents such as methanol, 80% methanol, ethanol, 70% ethanol and ethyl acetate in two ways: (1) eluted in the solvents overnight; (2) boiled the Mimosa pigra in the solvents for l-2 hours and left it overnight

Preliminary Metabolomic Analysis of Goat Milk from Different Breeds Using Mass Spectrometry

Metabolomics facilitates the identification of numerous metabolites in a sample with mass less than 1 kD. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of feed on the metabolites in raw goat milk samples obtained from two breeds namely Saanen and Shami that were collected from a farm in Selangor and Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, respectively. The types of feed given to the goats were recorded. The fat in the samples were removed via centrifugation before analysis using liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS). From the chromatograms obtained the presence of veterinary drug residue, di- and tri-peptides, short and long-chain fatty acids, some components from plants, and insecticide residue were detected using HMP, KEGG, LMP, and METLIN databases identification. It is expected that through metabolomics study it may be possible to formulate the feed and determine the breed that give good quality milk

Effect of dietary prebiotics and probiotics on snakehead (Channa striata) health : Haematology and disease resistance parameters against Aeromonas hydrophila

This study examined the effect of dietary prebiotics and probiotics after 16 weeks, followed by 8 weeks of post feeding trial with the control unsupplemented diet on haematological and immune response against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Channa striata fingerlings. Fish were raised on a 40% protein and 12% lipid feed containing three commercial prebiotics (β-glucan, GOS or galacto-oligosaccharide, MOS or mannan-oligosaccharide); and two probiotics- (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus acidophilus), respectively and a control. Throughout the study, supplementation with dietary prebiotics and probiotics led to significant (P < 0.05) improvement in the red blood cells, white blood cells, packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and serum protein level and lysozyme activities; and these improvements were effective significantly (P < 0.05) when the fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila at the dose of 2×106. The disease resistance against A. hydrophila was higher significantly (P < 0.05) in fish fed with probiotic feed supplements (L.acidophilus was highest) compared to prebiotics and control. The study is the first to report the absence of differences in sustaining the efficacies attained afterintakeofβ-glucan, GOSandMOSuponpost-feeding withanunsupplemented feed, over a prolonged period

Analysing the effect of dietary prebiotics and probiotics on gut bacterial richness and diversity of Asian snakehead fingerlings using T‐RFLP method

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of three prebiotics (β‐glucan, galacto‐oligosaccharide [GOS], mannan‐oligosaccharide [MOS]) and two probiotics (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus acidophilus) on the microbiome of snakehead during growth of fingerlings. In addition, the experiment evaluated the capacity of Channa striata fingerlings to retain the benefits derived from these supplements after withdrawal. Throughout the study, it was observed that supplementation with dietary prebiotics and probiotics led to significant (p < 0.05) change in gut bacterial profile and improvement in gut morphology. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) was used for the comparative analysis of gut communities and all 46 of the T‐RFLP detected phylotypes were present in the Lactobacillus supplemented fish, while significantly fewer were detected in controls and other experimental supplement regimes. Histological studies and electron microscopy revealed that both the prebiotic and probiotic treated fish had significantly longer and wider villi and deeper crypts compared to the controls. The microvilli length, as evaluated with electron microscopy, was also longer in all treated fish compared to controls. Furthermore, this study is the first to report the absence of differences in sustaining the efficacies attained after intake of β‐glucan, GOS, MOS and live yeast upon post feeding with an un supplemented feed, over a prolonged period

Effect of Different Dietary Lipid Levels on Spawning Performance and Egg Quality of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878)

Dietary lipid manipulation of broodstock diet offers a strategy for improving spawning performance and egg quality of broodstock fish. Although many studies were conducted on basic nutrient requirements for fingerlings and juveniles of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878); the artificial feed for P. hypophthalmus broodstock is still lacking. This study analysed the effect of different levels of lipid in the diet on spawning performance and egg quality of female P. hypophthalmus broodstock. Three test diets were formulated containing 1:1 ratio of palm oil and fish oil blends at the level of 60, 90 and 120 g.kg-1 with a constant 300 g.kg-1 protein and fed to triplicate groups of female broodstock for 150 days at the rate of 20 g.kg-1 body weight twice daily. The ovary weight, gonadosomatic index, fecundity, egg weight and diameter and egg fertilisation rate were significantly (P < 0.05) increased for fish fed with 90 and 120 g.kg-1 lipid diet compared to 60 g.kg-1 lipid diet. However, there was no significant difference between fish fed with 90 and 120 g.kg-1 lipid diet; thus an increase in dietary lipid above 90 g.kg-1 would not make any significant contribution. The increased performance of female broodstock fed with higher dietary lipid and fish oil at the ratio of 1:1 for crude palm oil and fish oil up to 90 g.kg-1 contributed in the enhancement of the reproductive performance and egg quality of P. hypophthalmus