Prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminths infection in domesticated pigs and dogs of Morogoro region, Tanzania

Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infections are caused by a group of nematode worms that require development in the soil to become infective. These infections cause ill health in animals; some are responsible for zoonotic infection. Zoonotic STH of dogs and pigs include; Ancylostoma spp, Toxocara canis, and Ascaris suum. This study was carried out due to limited information on STH infections in domesticated pigs and dogs in Tanzania. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of STH in domestic pigs and dogs in Morogoro Municipality and Mvomero District, Tanzania. This was a cross-sectional study which involved a total of 281 dogs and 237 pigs from two districts in the two study areas. The study animals were randomly selected and faecal samples collected and examined for STH using a simple test tube flotation technique. The data collected was entered in Excel and analysis done using Stata version 14. Prevalence of the STH was computed for both animal species and chi-square used to obtain p-values as the test for statistical significance. The prevalence of STH in dogs was 50.53% with Ancylostoma species being the most prevalent (47.33%), followed by Toxocara (12.46%), Trichuris (2.49%) and Strongyloides species (1.07%). The STH prevalence in pigs was 85.23% and the isolated species were Oesophagostomum (81.01%), Trichuris (12.24) and Ascaris species (5.49%). Males and pigs aged ≥1 year were more infected with STH species with a p-value of 0.025 and 0.016, respectively. Dewormed dogs were observed to be less likely to be infect with STH species (p- value = 0.002). Results of this study show that STH species were prevalent gastrointestinal parasites in dogs and pigs in the study area. Mixed infection was common in both animal species. Measures for control of STH infections in dogs and pigs should be practiced to improve animal health

The Dynamics of Collective Farming: A Case Study of Fish Farm Cooperatives in the Prefectures of Butare and Gikongoro, Rwanda.

Cooperative fish farming not only insures a wider distribution of land and fish farming technology resources to larger segments of the population, but also makes possible the integration of limited individual resources into sizable and economically more viable production and marketing units. On the basis that more efficient internal organization can lead to greater cooperative performance, the purpose of this study is to identify organizational attributes and practices associated with effectiveness of fish farming cooperatives in Rwanda. Data for the study were obtained from a sample of 200 fish farm groups selected in the prefectures of Butare and Gikongoro, Rwanda. Information on the characteristics of each group was gathered from three of its leaders. Regression analyses were used to test the association between structural characteristics and organizational practices and the performance of the cooperatives. Given the magnitude of the Beta coefficients, the following variables were found to significantly and positively affect production levels: (1) the length of time groups have been together doing fish farming business; (2) democratic leadership style; (3) the extent to which each member does all pond management operations, on a rotational basis; (4) the frequency of reports made by the control and supervision boards; (5) the number of members who are 26-45 years old; (6) the degree of family ties among members; (7) membership size; and (8) the extent to which groups implement arrangements designed to compensate for failure to provide labor contributions. In order of their importance, the following variables were found to influence sustainability: (1) the extent to which each member does all pond management operations on a rotational basis; (2) the frequency of general assembly meetings; (3) the length of time members have been together doing fish farming business; (4) the number of 25-46 years old members; (5) membership size; and (6) the extent of friendship among members. A number of recommendations for the development and improvement of fish farm cooperatives were derived from the findings of the study

Application of international Human Rights instruments (IHRIs) by domestic courts : a comparative study of Rwanda and Ghana

The essence of human rights and their dimension goes beyond national level. It is universal because it is inherent to human kind. The main source of human rights norms is international human rights instruments. The concern for human rights has grown worldwide and therefore they have been given priority by most nations. They are more and more integrated into national legal frameworks mainly in states constitutions with more or less enforcing mechanisms. As far as the realization of rights is concerned various mechanisms are involved on different levels: international, regional and national. Each of the three levels has its advantages and disadvantages. Yet, the local mechanisms appear to be more effective and adequate given the fact that they are closer to the real subject of the rights (the individuals). In point of fact, human rights involve mainly the relationships between individuals and states but sometimes also between individuals living somewhere in a nation.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011.http://www.chr.up.ac.za/nf2012Centre for Human RightsLL

Language and learning science in South Africa

South Africa is a multilingual country with 11 official languages. However, English dominates as the language of access and power and although the Language-in- Education Policy (1997) recommends school language policies that will promote additive bilingualism and the use of learners' home languages as languages of learning and teaching, there has been little implementation of these recommendations by schools. This is despite the fact that the majority of learners do not have the necessary English language proficiency to successfully engage with the curriculum and that teachers frequently are obliged to resort to using the learners' home language to mediate understanding. This research investigates the classroom language practices of six Grade 8 science teachers, teaching science through the medium of English where they and their learners share a common home language, Xhosa. Teachers' lessons were videotaped, transcribed and analysed for the opportunities they offered learners for language development and conceptual challenge. The purpose of the research is to better understand the teachers' perceptions and problems and to be able to draw on examples of good practice, to inform teacher training and to develop a coherent bilingual approach for teaching science through the medium of English as an additional language

Spontaneous fetal reduction in triplets and prolongation of twin pregnancy for 111 days as an outpatient: a case report

Background: Multiple gestation has been on the rise because of advancement in assisted reproductive technology. Triplet pregnancy is associated with fetal loss and preterm birth as its major complications. Spontaneous triplet pregnancy is rare. In the case of fetal loss, delayed interval delivery has been used to achieve delivery of the retained fetuses. There is no common approach to delayed interval delivery. Case A 31-year-old East African lady with spontaneous triplet pregnancy presented to our institution at gestation age of 19 weeks with features of threatened miscarriage. One fetus was miscarried, and delayed interval delivery was done as an outpatient. At gestation age of 35 weeks, she delivered healthy twins by cesarean section. Conclusion Delayed interval delivery improves neonatal outcomes of high-order pregnancy after fetal loss even in a resource-limited setting

Authorship Equity and Gender Representation in Global Oncology Publications

Purpose: Authorship gender disparities persist across academic disciplines, including oncology. However, little is known about global variation in authorship gender distribution. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study describes the distribution of author gender as determined from the first name across variables such as authorship position (first, middle, and last), country region, and country income level. The 608 articles with 5,302 authors included in this analysis were published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology Global Oncology, from its inception in October 2015 through March 2020. Primary outcome measure was author gender on the basis of first name probabilities assessed by genderize.io. World Bank classification was used to categorize the country region and income level. Odds ratios were used to describe associations between female last authorship and representation in other authorship positions. Results: Although female authors were in the minority across all authorship positions, they were more under-represented in the last author position with 190 (32.1%) female, compared with 252 (41.4%) female first authors and 1,564 (38.1%) female middle authors. Female authors were most under-represented among authors from low-income countries, where they made up 21.6% of first authors and 9.1% of last authors. Of all the regions, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia had the lowest percentage of female authors. Compared with articles with male last authors, those with female last authors had odds ratios (95% CI) of 2.2 (1.6 to 3.2) of having female first authors and 1.4 (0.9 to 2.1) of having 50% or more female middle authors. Conclusion: There are wide regional variations in author gender distribution in global oncology. Female authors remain markedly under-represented, especially in lower-income countries, sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asia. Future interventions should be tailored to mitigate these disparities

Sexual Risk Behavior in HIV-Uninfected Pregnant Women in Western Uganda

Our aim was to identify sexual risk behavior among HIV-negative pregnant women in Kabarole District, Uganda, by conducting a cross-sectional study among 1610 women within three healthcare settings. One in six women engaged in HIV-specific risk behaviors including multiple sexual partners or alcohol abuse; 80% of the pregnant women reported to generally abstain from using condoms. In multivariate analysis, predictors of sexual risk behavior included being a client of the public health facilities as compared to the private facility (AOR 3.6 and 4.8, p < 0.001), being single, widowed or divorced or not cohabiting with the partner (AOR 4.7 and 2.3, p < 0.001), as well as higher household wealth (AOR 1.8, p < 0.001) and lack of partner status knowledge (AOR 1.6, p = 0.008). Self-estimated risk perception was linked with engagement in HIV-related risk behaviors except for alcohol abuse. Our findings indicate that reducing risky behaviors in pregnancy in order to prevent HIV should be a high-priority public health concern

Bilateral tubal ectopic gestation: Complication in a patient with previous ectopic pregnancy, rare case report

Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy results of implantation of conceptus outside of endometrial cavity. It remains an important cause of maternal mortality. Spontaneous bilateral tubal pregnancies are the rare form of ectopic and are considered spontaneous when no fertility treatments are involved. Case findings: A 31-year-old nulliparous woman presented at the Family Medicine Clinic with complaints of non- specific mild lower abdominal pain for 3 days and amenorrhea for 5 weeks. Transvaginal Ultrasound showed bilateral unruptured adnexa pregnancies. The trial of medical therapy was done without success and later lap- arotomy salpingostomy was done. One year later patient was able to conceive and delivery well by cesareans section. Discussion: Bilateral ectopic pregnancy is a unique from of twin pregnancy frequently occurring with assisted reproductive technology rather than spontaneous pregnancy. Diagnosis of bilateral ectopic pregnancy is often challenging as the clinical symptoms and signs may not be indicative of bilateral involvement. Laboratory test with βhcg levels cannot suggestive if is unilateral or bilateral nature and sonographers may be falsely reassured if they are not careful and satisfied with visualization of ectopic gestation on one side. Laparoscopic salpingostomy or salpingectomy is the gold standard treatment modality for bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancy although lapa- rotomy may be indicated in unstable patient. Conclusion and recommendation: Therefore, any women in childbearing age presenting with clinical features of acute lower abdominal pain should be considered to have potential ectopic gestation

Locally Advanced Cervical Carcinoma Management

Cervical cancer is a public health burden to Low and Middle Income countries. Whereas strides are being made in the management of malignancies worldwide, resources limited settings are confronted with the paucity of basic awareness, health professionals, diagnosis and management modalities, all contributing to cervical cancer disease late presentation. Among available treatment modalities, the mainstay of treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer remains radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy. Radiation is delivered through external radiation and brachytherapy. The evidence leading to the decision making, the modern management modalities and the general side effects, will be reviewed here

Diagnostic challenge of perimenopause molar pregnancy in a 52-year-old lady: Case report

Introduction and importance: Gestational trophoblastic disease is an uncommon group of pregnancy-related dis- orders, with a course of trophoblastic proliferation, including hydatidiform mole (Agha et al., 2020), invasive and metastatic mole, choriocarcinoma, placental-site trophoblastic tumor, and epithelial trophoblastic tumor. Choriocarcinoma and trophoblastic tumor of the placenta are the most important tumors associated with pregnancy. Case findings: A 52-year-old woman Para 2 Living 3, 3 years post-menopausal presented with prolong per vaginal bleeding for five weeks accompanied by lower abdominal pain. Diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease (choriocarcinoma type) was made by using beta HCG, radiology, and histology report. Patient underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salphingo-opherectomy, followed by 2 cycles of chemotherapy. Discussion: Trophoblast disease of pregnancy disease includes a unique tissue group with a wide range of endocrine and angiogenic functions derived from placental trophoblasts. They are associated with uncommon, interrelated conditions, which differ according to the following parameters: invasion, regression, metastasis, and recurrence rate. Beta HCG remains initial investigation to be taken in patients suspecting trophoblastic disease. Conclusion and recommendations: Gestational trophoblastic disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of peri and postmenopausal vaginal bleeding. Long term follows up with beta HCG needs to be done to detect recurrence