Svenska Internetbanker- en aktuell beskrivning av bankernas Internettjänster och en situationsanalys av deras Internetbanker

Jag har i detta examensarbete behandlat Internetbanker och begreppet situationsanalys. Studiens syfte var att beskriva svenska bankers Internettjänster idag och att göra en situationsanalys och kortfattad framtidsvision av deras Internetbanker. För att kunna genomföra detta vände jag mig till två banker nämligen FöreningsSparbanken och SEB. Som situationsanalys valde jag en avgränsad SWOT-analys där jag endast behandlade möjligheter, hot, styrkor och svagheter. Jag genomförde personliga intervjuer och telefonintervjuer med olika intervjuguider som stöd. I resultatavsnittet redovisas de resultat jag kommit fram till som också utgör underlag för min diskussion. Slutsatserna av studien blev att Internetbankerna erbjuder likvärdiga tjänster idag som de traditionella bankkontoren och att utbudet av Internettjänster varierar något mellan bankerna. I SWOT-analysen framkom att möjligheterna för Internetbankerna var utveckling av tjänsteutbudet, teknologisk utveckling och den internationella marknaden. Hoten var konkurrens, låga inträdesbarriärer, substitut, databrott kontra säkerhet och otillräcklig attraktionskraft gentemot kundgrupper. Styrkor var tillgänglighet, säkerhet, erfarenhet och kompetens, resurser och tillgångar, lägre kostnader samt pedagogiken för erfarna användare. Internetbankernas svagheter innebar otillräcklig datakapacitet, utvecklingstid för nya tjänster, personlig rådgivning och pedagogik för oerfarna dataanvändare. Vidare i framtidsvisionerna framkom att antalet traditionella bankkontor ytterligare minskar, Internetbankskunderna ökar i antal, strategin för att nå målen blir av större betydelse

Nasal mucosal reactivity after long-time exposure to building dampness [Elektronisk resurs]

An association between working and/or residing in damp buildings and respiratory health has been reported in a number of studies. A major limitation has been difficulty in objectively verifying any effects on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract in order to explain symptoms of irritated eyes, nasal congestion and cough that are often reported by occupants in buildings with indoor air problems. The main aim was to objectively study changes in the nasal mucosal reactivity after longtime exposure to a deteriorated indoor climate. Twenty-eight teachers who had worked for at least five years in a recently renovated school, which for years had had severe moisture problems, were randomly selected to participate in this study. Eighteen teachers randomly selected from another school, with no known moisture problems, formed the control group (in 1995). Although remedial measures had been taken, an increased prevalence of mucous membrane irritations was still reported by the teachers from the target school. A nasal challenge test with three concentrations of histamine (1, 2 and 4 mg/ml) was used. Recordings of the swelling of the nasal mucosa were made using rhinostereometry. The analysis of the mucosal swelling induced by the three concentrations of histamine showed a significant difference in the growth curves of the two groups, indicating that long-time exposure to indoor environments with moisture problems may contribute to mucosal hyperreactivity of the upper airways. A study comparing students who began their high-school studies at both schools in 1995 and the teachers was performed regarding mucosal reactivity, frequency of atopy and symptoms. A nasal histamine provocation test and a skin-prick test were administered to 45 students from each school. They also answered a standardized questionnaire. The teachers had significantly greater mucosal histamine reactivity than the students, compatible with an age-related pattern of mucosal reactivity. The students had significantly higher frequency of allergic sensitization. In 1997 the nasal histamine provocation test was repeated among the teachers. This showed that the teachers from the repaired water-damaged school still demonstrated an increased reactivity to histamine compared to those in the control school, but the differences between the growth curves of the provocation tests were less than in 1995. No major differences were observed in the technical investigation between the two schools and the measurements were all within the range of values usually seen in schools in northern countries. In a longitudinal study the students were followed during their high school studies. They underwent a nasal histamine provocation test and answered a questionnaire on three occasions, in 1995, 1996 and 1997. No significant differences in the nasal histamine provocation curves between the students at the target school and those at the control school could be shown from the start to the end of the study period. Nor were there any differences concerning perceived indoor air or mucosal symptoms between the target group and the control group. Based on both technical and objective medical measures, this study indicated that the indoor air in the remediated moisture-damaged school did not exert an irritant effect on the upper airway mucosa of the students. In 2000, six years after remedial measures had been taken, the teachers underwent a nasal histamine provocation test. In addition to using mucosal swelling as a measure of mucosal reactivity, we also examined the mucosal microcircular reaction to histamine provocation with Laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF). We found that the difference in nasal histamine reactivity between the two study groups, measured as mucosal swelling, was no longer significant. However, Laser-Doppler flowmetry showed a significant difference between the two teacher groups regarding microcircular perfusion and CMBC (concentration of moving bloodcells), indicating a more pronounced plasma leakage and oedema from the nasal mucosa upon histamine provocation among the target school teachers. In conclusion, we found a restored nasal histamine reactivity, measured as the mucosal swelling reaction, among the teachers six years after long-time exposure to building dampness. LDF showed remaining changes in the microcircular pattern of the target school teachers. Consequently, longtime exposure to building dampness may increase the risk for hyperreactivity of the upper air-ways. This aquired hyperreactivity may last for years and decrease only slowly, even after the indoor climate has been properly improved. A possible explanation for this slowly decreasing reactivity might be a slow but ongoing restoring process in the mucosa of the upper airways. It is of importance to determine if residing in bad indoor environment implies a risk of future health problems. Following a group of people exposed to building dampness with objective mucosal tests over several years provides knowledge about how long and in what way the increased mucosal reactivity persists. It is equally important to identify both particular risk environments and predisposed people

Nasal mucosal reactivity after long-time exposure to building dampness

An association between working and/or residing in damp buildings and respiratory health has been reported in a number of studies. A major limitation has been difficulty in objectively verifying any effects on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract in order to explain symptoms of irritated eyes, nasal congestion and cough that are often reported by occupants in buildings with indoor air problems. The main aim was to objectively study changes in the nasal mucosal reactivity after longtime exposure to a deteriorated indoor climate. Twenty-eight teachers who had worked for at least five years in a recently renovated school, which for years had had severe moisture problems, were randomly selected to participate in this study. Eighteen teachers randomly selected from another school, with no known moisture problems, formed the control group (in 1995). Although remedial measures had been taken, an increased prevalence of mucous membrane irritations was still reported by the teachers from the target school. A nasal challenge test with three concentrations of histamine (1, 2 and 4 mg/ml) was used. Recordings of the swelling of the nasal mucosa were made using rhinostereometry. The analysis of the mucosal swelling induced by the three concentrations of histamine showed a significant difference in the growth curves of the two groups, indicating that long-time exposure to indoor environments with moisture problems may contribute to mucosal hyperreactivity of the upper airways. A study comparing students who began their high-school studies at both schools in 1995 and the teachers was performed regarding mucosal reactivity, frequency of atopy and symptoms. A nasal histamine provocation test and a skin-prick test were administered to 45 students from each school. They also answered a standardized questionnaire. The teachers had significantly greater mucosal histamine reactivity than the students, compatible with an age-related pattern of mucosal reactivity. The students had significantly higher frequency of allergic sensitization. In 1997 the nasal histamine provocation test was repeated among the teachers. This showed that the teachers from the repaired water-damaged school still demonstrated an increased reactivity to histamine compared to those in the control school, but the differences between the growth curves of the provocation tests were less than in 1995. No major differences were observed in the technical investigation between the two schools and the measurements were all within the range of values usually seen in schools in northern countries. In a longitudinal study the students were followed during their high school studies. They underwent a nasal histamine provocation test and answered a questionnaire on three occasions, in 1995, 1996 and 1997. No significant differences in the nasal histamine provocation curves between the students at the target school and those at the control school could be shown from the start to the end of the study period. Nor were there any differences concerning perceived indoor air or mucosal symptoms between the target group and the control group. Based on both technical and objective medical measures, this study indicated that the indoor air in the remediated moisture-damaged school did not exert an irritant effect on the upper airway mucosa of the students. In 2000, six years after remedial measures had been taken, the teachers underwent a nasal histamine provocation test. In addition to using mucosal swelling as a measure of mucosal reactivity, we also examined the mucosal microcircular reaction to histamine provocation with Laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF). We found that the difference in nasal histamine reactivity between the two study groups, measured as mucosal swelling, was no longer significant. However, Laser-Doppler flowmetry showed a significant difference between the two teacher groups regarding microcircular perfusion and CMBC (concentration of moving bloodcells), indicating a more pronounced plasma leakage and oedema from the nasal mucosa upon histamine provocation among the target school teachers. In conclusion, we found a restored nasal histamine reactivity, measured as the mucosal swelling reaction, among the teachers six years after long-time exposure to building dampness. LDF showed remaining changes in the microcircular pattern of the target school teachers. Consequently, longtime exposure to building dampness may increase the risk for hyperreactivity of the upper air-ways. This aquired hyperreactivity may last for years and decrease only slowly, even after the indoor climate has been properly improved. A possible explanation for this slowly decreasing reactivity might be a slow but ongoing restoring process in the mucosa of the upper airways. It is of importance to determine if residing in bad indoor environment implies a risk of future health problems. Following a group of people exposed to building dampness with objective mucosal tests over several years provides knowledge about how long and in what way the increased mucosal reactivity persists. It is equally important to identify both particular risk environments and predisposed people

Green fashion ads as credible or not? : A qualitative study that examines consumer interpretations

Bakgrund: I takt med konsumenternas stigande intresse för hållbara modeprodukter har den gröna marknadsföringen från fast fashion-företag ökat. Eftersom det finns uppfattningar om att modeindustrin inte relateras till hållbarhet kan modeföretags försök att nå ut tillkonsumenterna via sin gröna kommunikation uppfattas på ett felaktigt sätt. I vissa fall ser även företag en fördel med att främja gröna produkter som en försäljningsstrategi, vilket skapar en förvirring hos mottagaren. Konsumenter har därför svårt att avgöra när ett budskap är tillförlitligt. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur konsumenter tolkar fast fashion-företags grönamodeannonser ur ett kognitivt och affektivt perspektiv. Målet är därigenom att genererakunskap om hur modeföretag kan gå tillväga för att utforma gröna annonser och få fram sitthållbarhetsbudskap på ett effektivt sätt. Detta genom att utgå från konsumentens synvinkel och granska hur konsumenters tillit påverkas av informationen som kommuniceras i en grönmodeannons, deras kunskap om hållbart mode, tidigare uppfattningar om modeföretag samt hur känslor påverkar mottagarens tolkning av budskapets trovärdighet. Frågeställningar: Hur tolkar konsumenter gröna modeannonser? Hur påverkas konsumentens tillit av informationen som kommuniceras i grönamodeannonser, kunskap om hållbart mode samt tidigare uppfattningar om modeföretag? Hur påverkar den känsla konsumenten får i samband med gröna modeannonser tilliten? Metod: För att besvara frågeställningarna tillämpades en kvalitativ forskningsmetod. Medanledning av att det eftersöktes en djupare förståelse för konsumenters känslor för och tolkningar av de valda modeföretagens, H&M:s, Gina Tricots och Lindexs, gröna annonser genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med elva utvalda kvinnor från Sverige. Därefter transkriberades intervjuerna och fyra huvudteman urskildes. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att om en grön modeannons har en typisk “modekänsla” genererade det en lösare koppling till hållbarhet och blir mindre trovärdig. Grönamodeannonser som framhåller “naturliga” aspekter framkallar en ökad känsla av tillit. När konsumenter har en positiv tidigare uppfattning om företaget blir den gröna modeannonsen mer trovärdig, om det existerar en negativ uppfattning påverkar det även inställningen tillannonsen. Studien kan urskilja kunskapsbrist om hållbart mode, på grund av detta efterlyser konsumenter tydlig information i samband med de gröna modeannonserna. I och med att en kvalitativ metod väljs är en generalisering bland kvinnliga fast fashion-konsumenter inte möjlig i denna studie. Däremot genererar studien kunskap om hur fast fashion-företag kan utforma gröna modeannonser för att förmedla budskapet på ett produktivt vis, för att minskarisken för missförstånd och bygga förtroende hos konsumenten. Exempel på vidare forskning är att fortsatt undersöka hur dessa tolkningar påverkar köpintentionen hos konsumenterna. Ytterligare ett förslag på fortsatt forskning är att undersöka andra modeannonser och modeföretag för att se om det genererar i en annan uppfattning.Background: In line with consumers' growing interest in sustainable fashion products, the green marketing from solid fashion companies has increased. Since there are perceptions that the fashion industry is not related to sustainability, fashion companies' attempts to reach consumers through their green communications can be misinterpreted. In some cases, companies also see an advantage in promoting green products as a sales strategy, which creates confusion on the part of the recipient. Consumers therefore find it difficult to determine when a message is reliable. Purpose: The purpose is to investigate how consumers interpret the fixed fashion companies’ green fashion ads from a cognitive and affective perspective. The goal is thereby to generate knowledge about how fashion companies can go about designing green ads and producing their sustainability message in an effective way. This is based on the consumer's point of view and how consumer confidence is influenced by the information communicated in a green fashion ad, their knowledge of sustainable fashion, previous perceptions of fashion companies and how emotions affect the recipient's interpretation of the message's credibility. Research questions: How do consumers interpret green fashion ads? How is consumer confidence affected by the information communicated in green fashion advertisements, knowledge of sustainable fashion and previous perceptions of fashion companies? How does the feeling the consumer gets in the context of green fashion ads affect trust? Method: To answer the questions, a qualitative research method was applied. Because a deeper understanding of consumers' feelings and interpretations of the selected fashion companies, H&M's, Gina Tricots and Lindex's green advertisements was sought, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eleven selected women from Sweden. Subsequently, the interviews were transcribed and four main themes were distinguished. Conclusions: The study's results show that if a green fashion ad has a typical "fashion sense “it generated a looser link to sustainability and becomes less credible. Green fashion ads that emphasize “natural” aspects evoke an increased sense of trust. When consumers have a positive past perception of the company, the green fashion ad becomes more credible, if there is a negative perception it also affects the attitude towards the ad. The study can discern the lack of knowledge about sustainable fashion, because of this, consumers are looking for clear information in connection with the green fashion ads. With the selection of a qualitative method, a generalization among female solid fashion consumers is not possible in this study. However, the study generates knowledge of how fast fashion companies can design green fashion ads to convey the message in a productive way, to reduce the risk of misunderstanding and build consumer confidence. Examples of further research are to continue to investigate how these interpretations affect the buying intention of consumers. Another suggestion for continued research is to examine other fashion ads and fashion companies to see if it generates in a different view

Slowly decreasing mucosal hyperreactivity years after working in a school with moisture problems

In our first study in 1995, teachers, who had worked in a water-damaged school for more than 5 years, were tested for nasal histamine reactivity by rhinostereometry. They were found to have significantly increased reactivity compared with teachers in a school without these indoor-climate problems. This finding could not be explained by differences in atopy or other personal characteristics. In this 2-year follow-up study (1995-97), 26 of 28 teachers in the target school and all 18 teachers in the control school, who participated in the initial study, accepted to take part. They were tested with the same histamine provocation procedure and answered the same questionnaire as 2 years earlier. Technical measurements of temperature, relative humidity, dust, carbon dioxide, formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) were carried out in both schools during the time period between the two test occasions. In this provocation test, the teachers from the repaired water-damaged school still demonstrated an increased reactivity to histamine compared with the teachers in the control school, but the difference between the growth curves of the provocation tests was less than in 1995. Teachers in the target school still complained about the indoor air quality more than their colleagues, although the complaints were less common. No major differences were observed in the technical investigation between the two schools and the measurements were all within values usually seen in schools in northern countries. Our conclusion is that the observed nasal mucosal hyperreactivity among the teachers in the renovated water-damaged school seems to persist over years and only slowly decrease even after successful remedial measures have been taken

Nasal hyperreactivity among teachers in a school with a long history of moisture problems

Upper airway symptoms have frequently been reported in people working or residing in damp buildings. However, little information has been available on objective pathophysiologic findings in relation to these environments. Twenty-eight teachers, who had worked for at least five years in a recently renovated school that had had severe moisture problems for years, were randomly selected for this study. Eighteen teachers, who had worked in another school that had no moisture problems, were randomly selected to serve as the control group. Although remedial measures had been taken, an increase in the prevalence of mucous membrane irritations was still reported by the teachers in the target school. We used a nasal challenge test with three concentrations of histamine (1, 2 and 4 mg/mL). Recordings of swelling of the nasal mucosa were made with rhinostereometry, a very accurate optical non-invasive method. The growth curves of mucosal swelling induced by the three concentrations of histamine differed significantly between the two groups (p < 0.01). The frequencies of atopy, evaluated with the skin-prick test, were almost identical in both groups. The study indicates that long-term exposure to indoor environments with moisture problems may contribute to mucosal hyperreactivity, of the upper airways. Such hyperreactivity also seems to persist for at least one year after remedial measures have been taken