Federal Court Adjudication of State Prisoner Claims for Post-Conviction DNA Testing: A Bifurcated Approach

[Excerpt] “Undoubtedly, there are innocent people in prison. Moreover, it is probable that the wrongly convicted, if given a chance to conduct DNA testing on evidence used against them at trial, could establish their innocence. […] Part II of this Comment will examine the reasoning behind recent circuit court decisions concerning prisoners’ rights to post-conviction genetic testing. I will explain that a bifurcated approach is the appropriate paradigm for reviewing these claims and demonstrate why three of the four circuit courts erred in their analyses. This part also will review the Supreme Court decisions cited by the circuit courts and explain why the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Circuits’ reliance on those decisions was misplaced. Part III will address how the Supreme Court should reconcile the current circuit split concerning the rights of prisoners to post-conviction DNA testing. This part confronts skeptics’ concerns of protecting finality, respecting federalism, and flooding the courts with prisoner suits. It concludes that neither the abstention doctrines nor the Prison Litigation Reform Act preclude federal court review of these claims and that a due process right to genetic testing should be recognized. Lastly, I will explain that the sole remedy currently available for prisoners with favorable DNA test results is executive clemency and I will argue why clemency is an insufficient solution. Finally, Part IV will analyze briefly the pending congressional legislation and explain that its language, as written, leaves doubt as to whether Congress intends to preclude § 1983 actions to prisoners seeking DNA testing. This ambiguity, unless corrected, will further exacerbate federal courts’ confusion regarding the proper analysis of such claims.

Identifikasi Zooplankton Di Perairan Pulau Bunaken Manado

Perairan Pulau Bunaken merupakan objek wisata yang terdapat di Manado Sulawesi Utara dan merupakan daerah perlindungan laut. Perairannya dijaga agar tetap menunjang diversitas organisme di sekitar pantai dan menghasilkan nilai tambah dari segi estetika dan ketersediaan ikan-ikan yang menjadi sumber pencarian bagi masyarakat nelayan di pesisir. Salah satu indikator keberadaan ikan dan kesuburan perairan adalah adanya zooplankton. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi zooplankton yang ada di perairan Pulau Bunaken, Manado. Pengambilan sampel zooplankton dalam penelitian ini dilakukan di empat stasiun. Stasiun penelitian ini dipilih berdasarkan tempat pemanfaatannya, yaitu di daerah tubir, daerah liang, daerah dermaga perkampungan dan daerah observasi. Pengambilan sampel plankton di lakukan menggunakan plankton net dan sampel kemudian di identifikasi di Laboratorium Biokonservasi Biologi FMIPA UNSRAT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa zooplankton yang ditemukan di Pulau Bunaken Manado secara umum termasuk dalam 14 kelas dan 28 genus dengan jumlah 7.676 individu. Stasiun yang mempunyai jumlah kelas terbanyak adalah stasiun III dan IV yaitu sebanyak 11 kelas.The waters of Bunaken Island is a tourism area located in Manado, North Sulawesi, and is a protected marine area. It is conserved to support the diversity of organisms around the coast and result in added value in terms of aesthetics and availability of fish that became the source of income for fishermen in coastal communities. One of the indicators for the presence of fish and water fertility is zooplankton. The purpose of this study was to identify zooplankton in the waters of Bunaken Island, Manado. Zooplankton sampling was performed at four stations. The stations were selected based on the utilization, those are in the edge region, the canal, the village dock, and observation area. Plankton sampling was done by using a plankton net and samples collected were identified in the laboratory of Bioconservation, Departement of Biology Faculty of Sciences UNSRAT. The results showed that zooplankton found in Bunaken Island, Manado was generally included in 14 classes and 28 genus with the number of sample of 7,676 individuals. Stations that have the highest number of 11 classes were III and IV

In vitro and In vivo Studies on Nutraceutical Treatment Strategies to Promote Healthy Ageing in Some of the Major Age-related Diseases

One of the global problems of humanity is preserving the quality of life as the average age of the populationrises. At the same time, a significant increase in the proportion of the elderly in developed countriespopulations has resulted in an increase in mortality caused by major old age diseases, which has the causativefactor on human age-related processes, such as osteoarticular disease, metabolic disorders, sarcopenia,neuropathy, and cognitive impairment. As a result, it is not a coincidence that the concept of healthy Ageingis one of the top priorities of the World Health Organization (WHO), in line with the Global strategy and actionplan on ageing and health 2016–2020 and the related UN Decade of Healthy Ageing (2021–2030), followinga multisectoral action for a life course approach to healthy ageing. This strategy for achieving healthy ageingaddresses global priorities to improve most health problems of older age, which are related to chronicconditions; luckily, many of these can be slowed down or even kept in check by healthy behaviors. Althoughtotal life expectancy increases, the 'healthy' life span is always the same, lengthening the 'sick' life spanwithout ameliorating the characteristics of human longevity. Therefore, even at a very advanced age, physicalactivity and good nutrition can help maintain health and well-being, bringing powerful benefits. Thus, healthproblems and declines in the body's functional capacities can be managed effectively, especially if detectedearly enough. Since ageing is a complex and inevitable biological process associated with numerouschronically debilitating health effects, developing effective and early intervention strategies for healthyageing is an active and challenging research area. Indeed, these strategies can ensure an acceptable level ofhealth during the ageing process, especially for people with deteriorating cognitive, motor, and metabolicabilities. In this context, an appropriate dietary regimen and the use of nutraceuticals based on naturalextracts can have significant beneficial responses to counteract stress and diseases during ageing. Based onrecent findings, nutraceuticals are value-added dietary supplement products having immense potential inmodulating key mechanisms and functions related to ageing, acting mainly to restore the impairedphysiological mechanisms and metabolic processes. In this context, this PhD thesis aims to clarify from anexperimental scientific point of view the mechanism of action of some "food supplements" useful in the fieldof health improvement during Ageing. Notably, it reported new advanced strategies based on dietarysupplements and natural products (chosen by their biological properties on the target site), analyzing theirbeneficial effects related to the down-regulation of the biological processes in the specific field, including 1)neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive impairment; 2) peripheral nervous system dysfunction; 3)metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease; 4) sarcopenia and osteoporosis; 5) osteoarticular disordersand osteoarthritis. In conclusion, considering the data obtained from all fields, it is possible to define a newinterdisciplinary field that aims to understand the relationship between ageing and nutraceuticalsupplementation. Further, these data pave the way for developing new healthy ageing therapies that maypromote the identification and development of ‘geroprotectors’. Overall, the results also define the conceptof food supplements as a potent factor that can mitigate some of the deleterious aspects of ageing, includingpredisposition to diseases, and support the correct use of natural extracts

Temporal trends in the Holocene: exploring implications for conservation paleobiology through quantitative assessment of marine mollusks

Conservation paleobiology is a relatively new field which applies the theories and analytical tools of paleontology to problems concerning the conservation of biodiversity. The use of data from stratigraphy, sediment or ice cores, fossil collections, and/or other specimens that provide temporal, ecological, or environmental information from both the recent Holocene and deep-time fossil records can be used to understand the ecological and evolutionary responses of species to changes in their environment. In one study, we analyzed changes in shell morphology from Pre-Columbus through present time for a heavily exploited, large marine gastropod, Strombus gigas (the queen conch), on San Salvador Island, the Bahamas. Overall, we observed an increase in harvested juveniles and an initial increase in shell size with a decrease in more recent time. Increased proportions of harvested juveniles and increasing size followed by a decrease in size in more recent time is consistent with increased stress on fisheries due to overfishing in the late 20th century. In a second study, we examined trace element concentrations preserved in the shells of two Holocene marine bivalve taxa, Potamocorbula amurensis and Cyrenodonax formosana from the Pearl River delta, China. We explored the use of trace elements as potential proxies for environmental change within the context of the sedimentological and faunal history of a previously described drill core from the Pearl River delta, China. Although the observed trace element signals are variable across bivalve species, they can be a useful tool in paleoenvironmental reconstructions.Includes bibliographical reference

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Rimpang Kunyi Putih (Kaempferia rotunda L.) terhadap Streptococcus sobrinus dan Salmonella typhi

An infectious disease caused by bacteria is a disease that often occurs in tropical areas. The used of plant extract is an interesting object of study to overcome these infectious diseases and because of an increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics. White turmeric rhizome widely used by Indonesia society as an herb which has been used for the treatment of diarrhea and abdominal pain. This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolities and inhibitory of white turmeric rhizome (Kaempferia rotunda L.) against Streptococcus sobrinus KCCM 11898 and Salmonella typhi ATCC 422 bacteria. The results of phytochemical screening white turmeric rhizome contained compound triterpenoids, steroids, phenolics, and saponins. An antibacterial activity test used agar diffusion method against Streptococcus sobrinus KCCM 11898 and Salmonella typhi ATCC 422 bacteria. Antibacterial activity white turmeric rhizome (Kaempferia rotunda L.) with concentration 1, 2, 4, 8% have an inhibition zone diameter against Streptococcus sobrinus KCCM 11898 bacteria is 10.33, 10.67, 17 and 25.17 mm respectively with the antibacterial strength is strong, meanwhile in Salmonella typhi ATCC 422 bacteria have an inhibition zone diameter was 8, 8.3, 11.83 and 13 mm respectively with the antibacterial strength is intermediate. Keywords: Antibacterial, White Turmeric Rhizome (Kaempferia rotunda L.), Agar Difussio

Anti-Inflammatory Effect Of Extract And Fractions Of Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) Leaves

Anti-inflammatory activity test of extract and fraction of gaharu leaf (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) against protein denaturation inhibition in vitro has been carried out. This study aims to determine the percent inhibition of protein denaturation and the strength of anti-inflammatory activity of the concentrated methanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and methanol-water fraction of gaharu leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.). BSA (Bovine serum albumin) is used as the protein to be heated. Diclofenac sodium was used as the positive control, and the negative control used the appropriate solvent. Based on phytochemical screening tests, methanol extracts are known to contain secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and phenolics. The n-hexane fraction contains triterpenoid and steroid compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction contains flavonoid, triterpenoid, steroid, and phenolic compounds, while the methanol-water fraction contains flavonoid, triterpenoid and phenolic compounds. The results of the anti-inflammatory activity test of crude extract methanol and ethyl acetate fraction showed moderate antiinflammatory potential with IC50 values of 181.58- 168.87 ppm, respectively, while the methanol-water fraction has strong anti-inflammatory potential with IC50 value of 60.84 ppm

POTENSI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DIKLOROMETANA DAN METANOL BUNGA TEROMPET EMAS (Allamanda cathartica L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923

Potential antibacterial activity of dichloromethane and methanol extracts of the golden trumpet flower (A.cathartica L.) against S. aureus ATCC 25923 has been conducted. This study aimed to determine the values of thedichloromethane and methanol extracts of A. cathartica L. The antibacterial activity test was conducted using agardiffusion method and carried out in triplicate. The obtained results from the dichloromethane extract and methanol extractof the golden trumpet flower (A. cathartica L.) showed antibacterial activity with inhibition zone diameters of 9.66 mmfor dichloromethane extracts and 8.66 mm for methanol extracts against S. aureus ATCC 25923 bacteria.Potensi aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak diklorometana dan metanol bunga terompet emas (A. cathartica L.) terhadap S. aureus ATCC 25923 telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan nilai-nilai dari ekstrak diklorometana dan metanol A. cathartica L. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi agar dan dilakukan secara tiga kali ulangan. Hasil yang diperoleh dari ekstrak diklorometana dan ekstrak metanol bunga terompet emas (A. cathartica L.) menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri dengan diameter zona hambatan masing-masing sebesar 9,66 mm untuk ekstrak diklorometana dan 8,66 mm untuk ekstrak metanol terhadap bakteri S. aureus ATCC 25923