MULTIMODAALNE SUHTLUS KEELEÕPPE JA -KASUTUSE TEENISTUSES

Artiklis antakse ülevaade TÜ eesti keele võõrkeelena osakonna teadusuuringutest, mis on seotud multimodaalse suhtluse uuringute grupi tegevusega, sealjuures koostööga germaani-romaani-slaavi filoloogia instituudiga, ning mida toetab Eesti Teadusfondi grandiprojekt. Mõned osakonna töötajad on kaasatud Põhjamaade ülikoole siduvasse PlaceME projekti, mille uurimisvaldkonnad on seotud osakonna doktorantide teemadega diskursusuuringute ja multimodaalse suhtluse meetodite rakendamise läbi. Meetodeid saab kasutada suhtluspädevuste ja suhtlusstrateegiate analüüsis ja edendamises, keeleõppes ja keelekasutuse uuringutes

Documento finale del Gruppo di lavoro sulle biblioteche pubbliche statali della Direzione Generale Biblioteche e Istituti Culturali del Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo (MIBACT), approvato dal Consiglio Superiore dei Beni Culturali e Paesaggistici il 13 novembre 2017.

The document analyzes the critical issues that inform the Italian State Public Library System, and identifies the priorities for intervention and the consequent actions to perform. It was approved by the Superior Council of the Italian Ministry of Cultural and Natural Heritage on November 13th, 2017 (http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/multimedia/MiBAC/documents/1519211234845_Resoconto_CSBCP_13_novembre_2017.pdf)

Lawrence Venuti kodustamise ja võõrapärastamise dihhotoomia metafooride tõlkemeetodite uurimise instrumendina eesti-vene tõlkes

Eesti-vene meediatõlge on Eesti kultuuriruumis väga tähtsal kohal, kuid samas on seda tõlkesuunda Eesti tõlketraditsioonis siiamaani vähe uuritud. Üks instrumente, mis võib aidata tõlkijal võimalike lahenduste mitmekesisuses orienteeruda, on Ameerika tõlkeuurija Lawrence Venuti kodustava ja võõrapärastava tõlke dihhotoomia, mis seostab tõlkemeetodi valiku tõlke kultuurikontekstiga. Venuti dihhotoomiat kasutatakse tänapäeva tõlketeaduses erinevate tekstielementide tõlke uurimiseks. Nende hulgas on ka metafoor, mis on oma märkimisväärse kultuurilise varieerumise tõttu üks keerulisemaid tõlkeobjekte. Artikkel käsitleb Venuti kodustamise ja võõrapärastamise dihhotoomia kasutamise võimalust metafooride tõlkemeetodite uurimisel eesti-vene tõlkes telesaate “Pealtnägija” näitel. Kuigi “Pealtnägija” eesti-vene tõlkes on eelistatav tõlkemeetod kodustamine, on võõrapärastamist laialt kasutatud mittekonventsionaalsete, kontekstisidusate ja laenmetafooride tõlkimisel.Abstract. Ekaterina Kornilitsina, Ingrid Rummo: Lawrence Venuti’s dichotomy of domestication and foreignization as a research instrument for translation methods of metaphor in Estonian-Russian translation. Estonian-Russian media translation occupies an important place in the cultural space of Estonia, although there are only a few studies on this translation direction. One of the instruments that may help a translator to choose between possible solutions is the translation dichotomy of domestication and foreignization by the American translation theorist Lawrence Venuti. This opposition connects the choice of a translation method with the cultural context of the translated text. Venuti’s dichotomy is used in contemporary translation research to study various text elements, among them metaphor. Metaphor is considered to be one of the most complex translation objects due to its remarkable cross-cultural variation. This article discusses the use of Venuti’s dichotomy for researching the translation methods of metaphors in the Estonian-Russian translation of the TV programme “Pealtnägija” (“Spectator”). Although the preferred translation method was domestication, foreignization was also widely used for unconventional, context-related and borrowed metaphors.Keywords: domestication; foreignization; media translation; Estonian- Russian translation; Lawrence Venuti; metaphor; translation metho

Accounting for Bias in Longitudinal Associations between the Food Environment with Diet and BMI in the CARDIA Study

The neighborhood food environment has been shown to influence diet quality and obesity in observational research, yet several studies have reported weak or null associations. These inconsistencies may be due to a lack of complex models that account for potential threats to causal inference, such as bias resulting from individuals selectively locating in neighborhoods with “healthy” food outlets (or vice-versa), or the purposeful placement of food stores and restaurants in neighborhoods over time. Previous studies in the food environment and health literature have not explicitly accounted for unobserved heterogeneity, thus information regarding the magnitude and direction of these biases is lacking. To address these limitations, we used over 25 years of individual-level data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, with temporally and geographically-linked food outlet locations and neighborhood sociodemographics. We explicitly sought to quantify longitudinal associations between the neighborhood food environment with diet quality and body mass index (BMI) using causal models to account for unobserved heterogeneity; and subsequently, to assess the magnitude and direction of bias by comparing results to estimates derived from less complex models. The results showed that residential location and the placement of food stores and restaurants were influenced by the food environment over time (i.e., reverse pathways from food environment outcomes to unmeasured factors); thus causal inference in the context of observational neighborhood research is not possible without complex modeling approaches. We also found that the magnitude of associations between the neighborhood food environment and diet quality was approximately twenty times higher using instrumental-variables regression compared to models that do not account for unobserved heterogeneity, with similar findings for BMI. These results suggest that previous studies have underestimated associations between the neighborhood food environment and health outcomes. Our research suggests that inconsistent findings in the existing literature may, in part, result from a lack of control for residential self-selection bias and the purposeful placement of food stores and restaurants. Therefore, it is critical that future observational studies account for unobserved heterogeneity with more complex models. Our findings can also be used to inform future intervention and policy changes to modify the neighborhood food environment.Doctor of Philosoph

The 'idioglossia' cases of the 1890s and the clinical investigation and treatment of developmental language impairment

The early history of developmental language impairment in late 19th century Britain is considered through the critical examination of three papers appearing in 1891 by Hadden, Golding-Bird and Hale White, and Taylor. They represent innovative investigations of child language disorders whose themes and concerns are resonant today. The term ‘idioglossia’ was coined to identify this new impairment and reflected the belief by some that these children spoke an invented language. Rather than viewing these children as having some constitutional deficiency, these 19th century physicians were novel in insisting that children with language impairments merited extensive clinical investigation and treatment. Their case descriptions and the subsequent debates regarding classification and prognosis are reviewed. Further consideration is given to how these cases led to questioning the relation between language and speech and other aspects of child development and disorder. Reflection on the early sources of clinical categories provides a new perspective on our current formulations for variation in developmental language trajectories

Patau sündroomi mosaiikvariandiga subjekti kommunikatiivsed võimed: juhtumiuuring

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.Kõnevõime puudumine tekitab keerulisi olukordi ega lase suhtlusel sujuda. Kõnetul indiviidil tekib kergesti frustratsioon ning hädas on ka tema lähedased ja ametiisikud, kellega isik kokku puutub. Kuigi verbaalne suuline kommunikatsioon on kõige levinum mõtete edastamise viis, saame suhelda ka sõnadest erinevate märkide abil, multimodaalselt. Üks võimalus kõnetut inimest aidata on analüüsida tema suhtlust, leida sellest tema jaoks tähtsaimad ja kõige kasutatavamad suhtlusmodaalsused ning sel viisil tema mõistmiseni jõuda. Käesoleva väitekirja näol on tegemist Eesti esimese multimodaalse suhtluse uuringuga, kus vaadeldakse vaimupuude ja düspraksiaga indiviidi toimetulekut suhtlussituatsioonides. Ka ei ole eri trisoomiatega isikute suhtlusmodaalsusi (uurimistöö subjekti põhidiagnoos on Patau sündroomi e 13. kromosoomi trisoomia mosaiikvariant) siin varem uuritud ning kogu maailmas on sellise kommunikatsiooni kohta väga vähe andmeid. Samas on valdkond oluline ja suure praktilise väärtusega, kuna ka sellise puudega – ekspressiivse kõne häirega – indiviididel on vajadus ja õigus inimestevahelises suhtluses osaleda, informatsiooni vastu võtta ja ennast arusaadavaks teha. Temaatikat oleks kohe vaja Eesti ühiskonnas rohkem tutvustada. Ainuüksi multimodaalsel mikroanalüüsil põhineva lähenemise teadvustamisest võib olla abi selliste puuetega inimeste paremaks mõistmiseks nende igapäevases elus. Artiklipõhine väitekiri on juhtumiuuring, mille ühe tulemusena koostati uuritava indiviidi suhtlusmodaalsuste leksikon. Valminud loendi eesmärk on parandada subjekti elukvaliteeti – selle olemasolu võimaldab indiviidi suhtluspartneritel temast aru saada, temaga suhelda ja tagab nii sujuvama kommunikatsiooni. Töö autor näeb ka vajadust töötada välja sobiv suhtlusmetoodika ekspressiivse kõnepuudega inimeste ja nende suhtluspartnerite jaoks, dissertatsioon on esimene samm selles suunas.The absence of speech ability causes a lot of misunderstanding and makes communication unsmooth. Not only a person with partial or total loss of the ability to speak experiences a lot of frustrations, but the problem also influences his or her interlocutors, especially the closest family members. Although the most common way to communicate is to use words, we also have the opportunity to interact multimodally, applying other signs different from words. One possibility to help a speech impaired person is to analyze his or her communication practices in order to find the most important and most used communicative modalities, and through this process comprehend him or her better. Current thesis presents the first Estonian study of multimodal communication, which explores coping ability of an individual with mental retardation and dyspraxia in communicative situations. In addition, communication means of people with various trisomies ( the subject of the thesis has the mosaic version of Patau syndrome) have not been studied here before, and throughout the world there are very limited data on such communication. At the same time, the field is relevant and loaded with enormous practical value, because individuals with such disability – impairment of expressive speech – yet have the need and the right to participate in interpersonal communication, to receive information and to make themselves understandable. Raising the awareness of Estonian society on this topic is an example of one immediate necessity. Sole consciousness of the approach based on multimodal microanalysis might enhance comprehension of people with such disabilities in their everyday life. The article-based dissertation is a case study, which one outcome is the lexicon of the subject`s verbal and corporal communication modalities. The objective of compiling the lexicon was to improve life quality of the subject – existence of the lexicon enables the individual´s communication partners to comprehend her and to communicate with her, ensuring thus a smoother communication. The author of current thesis considers it important to develop a suitable communication methodology for individuals with expressive speech impairment and for their communication partners; this study constitutes the first step in the wishful direction

Is adolescent body mass index and waist circumference associated with the food environments surrounding schools and homes? A longitudinal analysis

Background: There has been considerable interest in the role of access to unhealthy food options as a determinant of weight status. There is conflict across the literature as to the existence of such an association, partly due to the dominance of cross-sectional study designs and inconsistent definitions of the food environment. The aim of our study is to use longitudinal data to examine if features of the food environment are associated to measures of adolescent weight status. Methods: Data were collected from secondary schools in Leeds (UK) and included measurements at school years 7 (ages 11/12), 9 (13/14), and 11 (15/16). Outcome variables, for weight status, were standardised body mass index and standardised waist circumference. Explanatory variables included the number of fast food outlets, supermarkets and ‘other retail outlets’ located within a 1 km radius of an individual’s home or school, and estimated travel route between these locations (with a 500 m buffer). Multi-level models were fit to analyse the association (adjusted for confounders) between the explanatory and outcome variables. We also examined changes in our outcome variables between each time period. Results: We found few associations between the food environment and measures of adolescent weight status. Where significant associations were detected, they mainly demonstrated a positive association between the number of amenities and weight status (although effect sizes were small). Examining changes in weight status between time periods produced mainly non-significant or inconsistent associations. Conclusions: Our study found little consistent evidence of an association between features of the food environment and adolescent weight status. It suggests that policy efforts focusing on the food environment may have a limited effect at tackling the high prevalence of obesity if not supported by additional strategies

A standardized guide to develop an online grocery store for testing nutrition-related policies and interventions in an online setting

Simulated online grocery store platforms are innovative tools for studying nutrition-related policies and point-of-selection/point-of-purchase interventions in online retail settings, yet there is no clear guidance on how to develop these platforms for experimental research. Thus, we created a standardized guide for the development of an online grocery store, including a detailed description of (1) methods for acquiring and cleaning online grocery store data, and (2) how to design a two-dimensional online grocery store experimental platform. We provide guidance on how to address product categorization, product order/sorting and product details, including how to identify outliers and conflicting nutritional information and methods for standardizing prices. We also provide details regarding our process of “tagging” food items that can be leveraged by future studies examining policies and point-of-selection/point-of-purchase interventions targeting red and processed meat and fruits and vegetables. We experienced several challenges, including obtaining accurate and up-to-date product information and images, and accounting for the presence of store-brand products. Regardless, the methodology described herein will enable researchers to examine the effects of a wide array of nutrition-related policies and interventions on food purchasing behaviors in online retail settings, and can be used as a template for reporting procedures in future research

How do individual-level sociodemographics and neighbourhood-level characteristics influence residential location behaviour in the context of the food and built environment? Findings from 25 years of follow-up in the CARDIA Study

Little is known about how diet-related and activity-related amenities relate to residential location behaviour. Understanding these relationships is essential for addressing residential self-selection bias

An exploration of solutions for improving access to affordable fresh food with disadvantaged Welsh communities

Our research is rooted in community operational research (community OR) and adopts a qualitative problem structuring approach to exploring potential solutions for addressing inequality in access to affordable healthy food in disadvantaged communities in Wales, UK. Existing food provisions are synthesised and barriers to their effectiveness are identified. A portfolio of actions and commitment packages is co-developed with multiple stakeholders in order to bring about desired changes. Although these solutions address concerns specific to local Welsh communities, they can be generalised and applied in similar settings where food desert problems prevail. We draw upon insights from the literature on inequality, food deserts, and social capital to conceptualise the solutions around both material (providing and accessing) and social (reconnecting and strengthening) aspects. By addressing both material and social aspects simultaneously, we show how community-driven intervention can contribute to reducing inequality in disadvantaged communities. Our research experience reveals that COR is particularly effective in tackling a ‘wicked’ problem such as food deserts, and allows researchers to engage with communities, gain an understanding about the problematic situation and guide intervention efforts in a sustainable and systemic manner. A number of methodological reflections are offered as a way to contribute to the development of the field as a whole