PENGARUH PEMBERIAN GEL CHITOSAN TERHADAP PENYEMBUHAN LUKA INCISI PADA TIKUS PUTIH (RATTUS NORVEGICUS)

THE EFFECT OF GEL CHITOSAN ON HEALING INCISSION IN WHITE RATS (Rattus norvegicus)ABSTRACTThis research is aimed to know the effect of giving chitosan gel to incision wound healing in male rats (Rattus norvegicus). This study used as many as 10 white rats (Rattus norvegicus) made wound incision, divided into two treatment groups. The treatment group 1 was applied with gentamicin and the second treatment group was applied gel chitosan twice daily for 7 days in a row. The parameters observed were the duration of wound healing process with respect to the degree of redness in wound, swelling, inflammatory fluid, and wound edges. Observations were made daily and observational data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the incisi wound that was given chitosan gel healed faster that is 4-5 days compared to the incised wound given gentamicin that is on day 6-7. Chitosan gel can be an alternative to wound healing incisi

The Use of Students' Team Achievement Division in Teaching Writing Recount Text

The research was conducted at the eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 6 Pontianak in academic year 2016/2017. This research aimed to investigate whether or not the use of Students Team Achievement Division in teaching writing recount text affects the students'writing ability significantly. The method of the research was a pre experimental research with one group pre-test - post-test design. The population of the research was 242 eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 6 Pontianak. The sample of the research was class VIIIA which consisted of 33 students which was taken by using clustering sampling. The data was collected by using measurement technique. The researcher provided the written test as the tool of data collecting on the research. The mean score of the students' pre-test was 36.75 and the mean score of students' post-test was 60.2. Based on the computation, the result of the Effect Size (ES) was 1.58. The effectiveness of the use of Students' Team Achievement Division (STAD) in teaching writing recount text was strong. It was showed that the use of Students' Team Achievement Division in teaching writing recount text was highly effective. The alternative hypothesis of the research was accepted

Transmission electron microscopy of carbon: a brief history

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been used in the study of solid carbon since the 1940s. A number of important forms of carbon have been discovered through the use of TEM, and our understanding of the microstructure of carbon has largely been gained through the application of TEM and associated techniques. This article is an attempt to present an historical review of the application of TEM to carbon, from the earliest work to the present day. The review encompasses both graphitic carbon and diamond, and spectroscopic techniques are covered, as well as imaging. In the final section of the review, the impact of aberration-corrected TEM on current carbon research is highlighted

Suomalainen tulevaisuuden energialiiketoiminta - skenaariot ja strategiat : SALKKU-hankkeen yhteenvetoraportti

vokKA

Viral detection by electron microscopy: past, present and future.

International audienceViruses are very small and most of them can be seen only by TEM (transmission electron microscopy). TEM has therefore made a major contribution to virology, including the discovery of many viruses, the diagnosis of various viral infections and fundamental investigations of virus-host cell interactions. However, TEM has gradually been replaced by more sensitive methods, such as the PCR. In research, new imaging techniques for fluorescence light microscopy have supplanted TEM, making it possible to study live cells and dynamic interactions between viruses and the cellular machinery. Nevertheless, TEM remains essential for certain aspects of virology. It is very useful for the initial identification of unknown viral agents in particular outbreaks, and is recommended by regulatory agencies for investigation of the viral safety of biological products and/or the cells used to produce them. In research, only TEM has a resolution sufficiently high for discrimination between aggregated viral proteins and structured viral particles. Recent examples of different viral assembly models illustrate the value of TEM for improving our understanding of virus-cell interactions

Relationship between feed protein content and faeces nitrogen content in early lactation dairy cows

Submitted 2020-07-26 | Accepted 2020-09-02 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.313-318The increase of milk production at the farm level requires an accurate balancing of the diet and the nitrogen supply also to minimise the possible environmental pollution deriving from dairy farming. The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary protein utilization at different crude protein (CP) levels and to predict nitrogen content in faeces on the basis of nutritional parameters and milk urea nitrogen content (MUN, mg dL-1). The study was conducted on three groups (A, B, C) of lactating dairy cows (8 cows per group, including Latvian Brown and Holstein Black and White breeds) from 10 to 30 days in milk. Total mixed rations containing different levels of CP (approximately 18.0%, 17.5% and 17.0% for A, B and C, respectively) were fed. The amount of feed consumed by each cow was measured and feed samples collected during the trial. Milk yield (kg d-1-1) and faeces amount were recorded, and samples were collected at day 21 of the study for further analysis. Feed samples were analysed for CP, net energy for lactation (NEL, MJ kg-1) and other parameters. Milk samples were analysed for fat (%), total protein (%), casein (%) and urea content (mg dL-1). The statistical investigation was conducted using ANOVA, and correlation and regression analyses. The results showed that milk yield, fat, total protein, casein, urea, and MUN were not significantly different among groups being not affected by the dietary CP levels. The correlation between faecal nitrogen content and CP content in feed was moderately positive and statistically significant (r=0.44, P=0.03), while the correlation between faecal nitrogen content and MUN was moderately negative and showed tendency towards significance (r=-0.39, P=0.06). The regression analysis showed that feed CP explained approximately 20% of faeces nitrogen content.Keywords: dairy cow, milk urea, faeces nitrogen, feed crude proteinReferencesAmanlou, H., Farahani, T. A. and Farsuni, N. E. (2017). Effects of rumen undegradable protein supplementation on productive performance and indicators of protein and energy metabolism in Holstein fresh cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 3628-3640. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11794J. A. D. R. N., Judy, J. V., Kebreab, E. and Kononoff, P. J. (2016). Prediction of drinking water intake by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 99, 7191–7205. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-10950Arunvipas, P., VanLeeuwen, J. A., Dohoo, I. R., Keefe, G. P., Burton, S. A. and Lissemore, K. D. (2008). Relationships among milk urea-nitrogen, dietary parameters and fecal nitrogen in commercial dairy herds. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 72, 449-453.Bijgaart, H. van den. (2003). Urea. New applications of mid-infra-red spectrometry. Bulletin of IDF, 383, 5-15.Broderick, G. and Huhtanen, P. (2020). Application of milk urea nitrogen values. Retrieved on June 30, 2020 from https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/15797/PDFBucholtz, H., Johnson, T. and Eastridge, M. L. (2007). Use of milk urea nitrogen in herd management. In: Tri–State Dairy Nutrition Conference. Proceedings. Ft. Wayne, Indiana, p. 63-67.Colmenero, J. J. O. and Broderick, G. A. (2006). Effect of dietary crude protein concentration on milk production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 1704-1712. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72238-XDijkstra, J., Oenema, O. and Bannink, A. (2011). Dietary strategies to reduce N excretion from cattle: implications for methane emissions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3, 414-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2011.07.008Kalscheur, K. F., Vandersall, J. H., Erdman, R. A., Kohn, R. A. and Russek-Cohen, E. (1999). Effects of dietary crude protein concentration and degradability on milk production responses of early, mid, and late lactation dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 545-554. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75266-5Kidane, A., Overland, M., Mydland, L. T. and Prestlokken, E. (2018). Interaction between feed use efficiency and level of dietary crude protein on enteric methane emission and apparent nitrogen use efficiency with Norwegian Red dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science, 96, 3967–3982. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky256LVS. (2004). Soil improvers and growing media - Determination of nitrogen - Part 1: Modified Kjeldahl method. Latvian standard, Riga, Latvia.LVS. (2008). Soil improvers and growing media - Sample preparation for chemical and physical tests, determination of dry matter content, moisture content and laboratory compacted bulk density. Latvian standard, Riga, Latvia.Ng-Kwai-Hang, K. F., Hayes, J. F., Moxley J. E. and Monardes, H. G. (1985). Percentages of protein and nonprotein nitrogen with varying fat and somatic cells in bovine milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 68, 1257-1262. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)80954-1NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9825Powell, J. M. and Rotz, C. A. (2015). Measures of nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen loss from dairy production systems. Journal of Environmental Quality, 44, 336-344. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2014.07.0299Recktenwald, E. B., Ross, D. A., Fessenden, S. W., Wall, C. J. and Van Amburgh, M. E. (2014). Urea-N recycling in lactating dairy cows fed diets with 2 different levels of dietary crude protein and starch with or without monensin. Journal of Dairy Science, 97, 1611-1622. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7162Rotz, C. A., Satter, L. D., Mertens, D. R. and Muck, R. E. (1999). Feeding strategy, nitrogen cycling, and profitability of dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 2841-2855. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75542-6Spiekers, H. and Obermaier, A. (2007). Milchhrnstoffgehalt und N-Aussheidung.L SuB Heft 4-5/07, 2007. S. III-4 bis III-8.Straalen, W. M. (1995). Modelling of nitrogen flow and extraction in dairy cows. PhD thesis. Landbouw Universiteit Wageningen. ISBN 90-5485-475-8.

Eating Habits of Preschool-Age Children with Overweight and Obesity

Hypercaloric nutrition is identified as a major factor in childhood overweight and obesity. Substantial attention is paid to children's eating behavior from preschool age, defined as a key period for the development of both proper motor and eating skills and habits.The purpose of the present study is to analyze the frequency of consumption of certain foods, both risky and non-risky, for increasing the body mass of preschool children.Materials and methods. The objects of research are 104 children aged 5 and 6, who were attending 25 kindergartens within the Stara Zagora municipality as part of a research project conducted by the Faculty of Medicine. A survey method was used to study the frequency of consumption of certain foods.Results and discussion.The results indicate that 16.5% of children consume fresh milk on a daily basis, while 36.7% have yogurt regularly and 22% consume cheese. Regarding meat, 34.9% of children consume it 2-4 days per week. Fish is consumed once a week by 45.9% of children. A significant proportion of children consume fresh fruit daily (61.5%), along with vegetables (37.6%), white bread (44%), and low-fat whole grain bread (10.1%). Notably, a majority of children (89.9%) consume soft drinks less than once a month. However, bottled, packaged, and freshly-squeezed juices are consumed relatively often (2-4 days per week) by 21.1% of the children, while chocolate desserts are consumed by 39.4% and dairy desserts such as ice cream and pudding by 15.6%. French fries are consumed once per week by 27.5% of the children.Conclusion.The findings indicate a positive trend in the regular consumption of essential food groups, including milk and milk products, meat and fish, fruits, and vegetables. However, it is concerning to note that there is still a significant frequency of consumption of "junk food" among preschool-aged children

Effect of dietary crude protein concentration on milk productivity traits in early lactation dairy cows

Received: January 30th, 2021 ; Accepted: April 24th, 2021 ; Published: April 29th, 2021 ; Correspondence: [email protected] evaluation and control of nitrogen balance at the farm and its relation to milk productivity traits are becoming essential in dairy farming. Increasing in milk productivity farmers tend to increase protein content in feed. The research complied into three (A, B, C) dairy cow groups (8 cows in each group) with LB and HM breed’s cows in the early lactation period divided into three phases (I, II, III) from 10 till 30 lactation days and lasting to 90 lactation days. Each group cows were feeders with total mixed ration (TMR) with different CP content (approx. 17.0%; 16.0%; 15.0% accordingly). The amount of feed consumed by each cow were recorded and feed samples collected during the study. Feed samples were analysed for CP and other feed quality descriptive traits. Milk yield ( kg d -1 ) and milk samples were collected at day 21 of each phase for analysis. Milk samples were analysed for fat (%), total protein (%), casein (%), and urea content (mg dL-1 ). The statistical analyses were conducted using ANOVA and descriptive parameters. To evaluate the feed CP conversion efficiency estimated part of that in the yield of milk protein for each cow and on average for the study group in each study phase. The conversion efficiencies of feed CP in milk were ranged from 28.5% to 40.7% in study phase I, and from 33.0% to 39.9% in phase II, and the differences were statistically significant. In phase III, the range from 30.4% to 36.3% were not statistically significant. The objective of this study was to evaluation of feed protein conversion efficiency for dairy cows in the early lactation phase and define the optimal crude protein (CP) content in the feed

Subjective Assessment as a Stimulating Factor in the Recovery Process

Soft tissue injuries of the knee are among the most common injuries and can significantly impair the function of the lower limb. In order to achieve a complete rehabilitation outcome, comprehensive diagnostics are essential. Within healthcare, subjective evaluation is gaining importance as it aims to motivate patients to actively participate in their own recovery. However, there is currently no universally recognized standard for subjective evaluation following traumatic knee joint injuries. The aim of the present study is to examine non-quantifiable factors that directly impact the patients' recovery process.Materials and methods. 70 patients with soft tissue injuries to the knee were the subjects of the study. A survey of 29 questions, divided into four parts, was developed for the study. The last part of the survey determines pain and the patient's own expectations for returning to previous motor capabilities.Results and discussion. The results of the survey establish an essential relationship between the pain levels and the patient's expectations for the outcome of his treatment. mong the respondents, About 20% described their pain as weak or non-existent, while 39% reported it as moderate. High levels of pain were recorded in 41%, reflecting their low expectations for recovery. These results support the notion that subjective assessment can serve as both an adjunctive factor in treatment and a demotivating element that affects active participation in rehabilitation interventions.Conclusion. In conclusion, subjective assessment plays a crucial role in motivating patients with soft tissue traumatic injuries of the knee joint. The intensity of pain and limitations in daily activities significantly influence the patient's expectations and attitude towards the outcome of the treatment