La rapsodia postcolonial como activismo global : el Movimiento Zapatista y la guerra de la palabra / Postcolonial rhapsody as global activism: the Zapatista Movement and the war of the words

Este ensayo interpreta las declaraciones de la Selva Lacandona emitidas desde 1994 por el Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional como un periplo que parte de una síntesis de la teología de la liberación y la guerrilla marxista latinoamericana a una postura expresada como la aglutinación de discursos que componen las culturas de la resistencia globales. Entiendo la primera como una ideología anticolonial, en la medida que concibe su lucha como un deseo de liberación de la dependencia de los países latinoamericanos de los imperialismos modernos. Podemos considerar la pluralidad de discursos en que el zapatismo ha desembocado, tras su vínculo con grupos diversos de resistencia, como una forma postcolonial de hacer política. Propongo aquí analizar la interlocución de los comunicados zapatistas como una política de redes cuyo centro se establece precisamente en Chiapas. Más que un punto de convergencia coyuntural, La Selva Lacandona pasa a ser un punto de quiasmo de una diversidad de agendas políticas que se han llamado altermundistas.Palabras clave: Zapatismo, colonialidad, liberación, autonomía, globalización, resistencia

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Oxygen is a key element for life on earth. Oxygen concentrations in the ocean vary greatly in space and time. These changes are regulated by various physical and biogeochemical processes, such as primary productivity, sea surface temperatures and ocean circulation. In the geological past, several periods of widespread anoxia have been identified. These are typically accompanied with major perturbations of the cycles of carbon, phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). These are registered in the geological records and can be used to study Earth’s past environmental conditions. Our knowledge of the biogeochemical response to long-term deoxygenation in the ocean is still limited. This study focuses on the biogeochemistry in the ocean during a well-demarcated anoxic event that occurred in the mid-Cretaceous (94 Ma ago), when atmospheric CO2 levels were higher than at present. This event lasted approximately 550 kys and is termed Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2). Most available geological records for OAE2 are from the North Atlantic, which during the mid-Cretaceous was a semi-enclosed deep basin (i.e. proto-North Atlantic) with a restricted connection to the Pacific and Tethys Ocean. In this research, a multi-box ocean model describing the cycles of water, carbon, oxygen, N and P of the proto-North Atlantic is built to better understand the key mechanisms involved in the development of widespread anoxia during OAE2. Because our knowledge of spatial variability in bottom-water conditions in the northern open ocean of the proto-North Atlantic is limited, proxy data from several deep-sea sites in the northern proto-North Atlantic were collected. Proxy data strongly suggest that, during OAE2, bottom waters in the entire deep proto-North Atlantic were anoxic and that the ocean circulation in the basin was restricted. Moreover, the N isotopic composition (δ15N) of organic matter buried in sediments in samples treated with acid led to selective removal of N compounds and thus should not be used to describe N dynamics in past environments. A compilation of published and new δ15N from samples that have not been treated with acid demonstrates that δ15N values for OAE2 are most negative in the open ocean (although values for OAE2 are never lower than -3 ‰). Our model results are in good agreement with observations, showing severe anoxia/euxinia in the open ocean and coastal waters of the southern proto-North Atlantic and strong oxygen depletion along the north and north-west coast. Our results indicate that high primary productivity and N2-fixation led to widespread anoxia in the proto-North Atlantic during OAE2. All P sources are a requirement for sustaining such primary productivity. Model results suggest that low-oxygen concentrations in the Pacific Ocean and reduced ocean circulation are needed for the development of anoxia in the deep northern proto-North Atlantic. In addition, ammonium accumulated due to limited nitrification and became the dominant recycled N nutrient. Model results also show significant regional differences in N dynamics, with the open ocean acting as a major source and sink of N, whereas the coastal ocean mainly acted as a source of N for non-diazotrophic primary productivity

Aberrant meiotic behavior in Agave tequilana Weber var. azul

BACKGROUND: Agave tequilana Weber var. azul, is the only one variety permitted by federal law in México to be used for tequila production which is the most popular contemporary alcoholic beverage made from agave and recognized worldwide. Despite the economic, genetic, and ornamental value of the plant, it has not been subjected to detailed cytogenetic research, which could lead to a better understanding of its reproduction for future genetic improvement. The objective of this work was to study the meiotic behavior in pollen mother cells and its implications on the pollen viability in Agave tequilana Weber var. azul. RESULTS: The analysis of Pollen Mother Cells in anaphase I (A-I) showed 82.56% of cells with a normal anaphase and, 17.44% with an irregular anaphase. In which 5.28% corresponded to cells with side arm bridges (SAB); 3.68% cells with one bridge and one fragment; 2.58% of irregular anaphase showed cells with one or two lagging chromosomes and 2.95% showed one acentric fragment; cells with two bridges and cells with two bridges and one acentric fragment were observed in frequencies of 1.60% and 1.35% respectively. In anaphase II some cells showed bridges and fragments too. Aberrant A-I cells had many shrunken or empty pollen grains (42.00%) and 58.00 % viable pollen. CONCLUSION: The observed meiotic irregularities suggest that structural chromosome aberrations have occurred, such as heterozygous inversions, sister chromatid exchanges, deletions and duplications which in turn are reflected in a low pollen viability

Development of Head Space Sorptive Extraction Method for the Determination of Volatile Compounds in Beer and Comparison with Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction

A headspace sorptive extraction method coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HSSE-GC-MS) was developed for the determination of 37 volatile compounds in beer. After optimization of the extraction conditions, the best conditions for the analysis were stirring at 1000 rpm for 180 min, using an 8-mL sample with 25% NaCl. The analytical method provided excellent linearity values (R-2 > 0.99) for the calibration of all the compounds studied, with the detection and quantification limits obtained being low enough for the determination of the compounds in the beers studied. When studying the repeatability of the method, it proved to be quite accurate, since RSD% values lower than 20% were obtained for all the compounds. On the other hand, the recovery study was successfully concluded, resulting in acceptable values for most of the compounds (80-120%). The optimised method was successfully applied to real beer samples of different types (ale, lager, stout and wheat). Finally, an analytical comparison of the optimised HSSE method, with a previously developed and validated stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) method was performed, obtaining similar concentration values by both methods for most compounds

Vacas, mulas, azúcar y café; los efectos de su introducción en la Huasteca, México.

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Effectiveness of the vital aging program to promote active aging in Mexican older adults

Introduction: Aging is not only a population phenomenon but also an experience and an individual reality. Vital Aging® is a program that considers active aging as the lifelong adaptatio process of maximizing health and independence, physical and cognitive functioning, positive affect regulation and control, and social engagement. Through its different versions and editions, it has demonstrated being an effective program to promote active aging. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the “face-to-face” and “combined” versions of the program to promote active aging in Mexican older adults trial. Methods: Seventy-six older adults aged 60 years and over participated in a quasi-experimental study and were recruited in a senior center to participate in the two experimental conditions: Vital Aging face-to-face (VA-FF) (n=35) and Vital Aging combined (VA-C; multimedia/face-toface) (n=15), and the remaining 26 adults were assigned to a control group. Pretest and posttest assessments were performed after the theoretical–practical intervention. Mean differences and size effects were calculated for estimating the effect of the program. Results: At the end of the study, participants showed improvements in the active aging outcome measures. Positive effects were observed in the frequency of intellectual, cultural – artistic, and social activities, perceptions of aging, satisfaction with social relationships, and self-efficacy for aging. Additionally, those who participated in VA-FF showed better memory performance, meta-memory, and a trend to report less memory problems, while older persons in VA-C showed a trend to have better life satisfaction. No effects were observed in physical activity, frequency of social relationships, and subjective health. Conclusion: Findings show that the Vital Aging program in face-to-face and combined versions encourages active aging in Mexican older persons. These results are in general similar to those found in editions performed in Spain, revealing its consistency as a cross-cultural practical initiative for promoting active agingProject PSI2014-52464-P from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) in Spain supported this wor

DISEÑO Y EVALUACIÓN DE UN PROGRAMA PARA DISMINUIR EL ESTRÉS EN PADRES DE NIÑOS AUTISTAS

La mayoría de las terapias para el autismo se centran en el niño, pero una nueva investigación sugiere que los padres estresados del niño podrían beneficiarse de los tratamientos diseñados específicamente para ellos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el impacto de un programa para disminuir el estrés en padres con niños autistas, a través de un estudio de alcance descriptivo prospectivo longitudinal con diseño causi-experimental; manejando una muestra total de 10 padres de familia de los cuales cinco se encontraron en el grupo experimental y el resto en el grupo control asignados al azar. El programa de intervención fue diseñado con 8 sesiones de 50 minutos cada una. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó el “Cuestionario de Recursos y Estrés QRS-F”. Una vez obtenidos los resultados los datos conseguidos se analizaron con el programa SPSS v. 21. Manejando la prueba estadística Anova de medidas repetidas. Los resultados indicaron que los padres de familia demostraron que la atención otorgada en el ámbito emocional fue de suma importancia para cambiar la perspectiva y exigencias ante la nueva situación de autismo dentro de la familia; con lo cual crearon nuevas expectativas de vida, no solo a nivel personal sino a nivel familiar e incluso el programa brindado presento tener resultados significativos en la visión familiar y del menor en el contexto familiar. Existen diversos factores que contribuyen a la presencia y aumento del estrés dentro del núcleo familiar, los cuales hacen referencia a: el momento del diagnóstico, la dificultad de poder obtener recursos (sobre todo de índole monetaria), la preocupación por el futuro del menor y la falta de apoyo por parte de instituciones. Respecto a lo anterior podemos indicar que la relación entre estresor y estrés es confirmada entre la severidad del trastorno y los problemas de conducta del menor aumentan los niveles de estrés percibidos en los padres. Es por eso que el educador para la salud crea los programas con una visión totalmente preventiva y con un aspecto social; la intervención del educador para la salud es necesaria, ya que es un profesionista orientado dentro de la formación humanista, es capaz de identificar las necesidades de su sociedad, trabajando de forma multidisciplinaria generando así una intervención social