Resilient Cooling of Buildings Technology Profiles Report (Annex 80)

The world is facing a rapid increase of air conditioning of buildings. It is the motivation of EBC Annex 80 "Resilient Cooling of Buildings" to develop, assess and communicate solutions of resilient cooling and overheating protection. Resilient Cooling is used to denote low energy and low carbon cooling solutions that strengthen the ability of individuals and our community to withstand, and prevent, thermal and other impacts of changes in global and local climates. The main objective of Annex 80 is to support a rapid transition to an environment where resilient low energy and low carbon cooling systems are the mainstream and preferred solutions for cooling and overheating is-sues in buildings. This report is a main deliverable of Annex 80 and summarizes the investigated resilient cooling technologies of Annex 80. It provides an overview of cooling solutions, and their performance related to resiliency against heat waves and power outages. The Technology Profile Sheets give recommendations for good implementation, commissioning and operation, present barriers to application and show opportunities. These shall support the Annex 80 mission of a rapid transition to an environment where resilient low energy and low carbon cooling systems are the mainstream and preferred solutions for cooling and overheating issues in buildings

To Be King of an Empire. The Notion of ʻEmpireʼ in the Charters and Letters of the Hohenstaufen King Philip (1198–1208)

In 1198, when Emperor Henry VI died unexpectedly, his son and heir, the future Emperor Frederick II, was only a child of three. Thus, the major part of the princes and nobles of the Holy Roman Empire elected Henry´s younger brother, Philip, Duke of Swabia, king. As the pope rejected his election and denied him to be crowned emperor in Rome, Philip found himself in a tedious and violent struggle for the throne against the Guelph Otto, who was supported by a minor oppositional group, which was ..

Modelling and data analysis of a thermally activated residential building façade in Vienna

Die Planung hocheffizienter Heiz- und Kühlsysteme insbesondere für Sanierungsobjekte ist eine unabdingbare Notwendigkeit zur Reduktion von Treibhausgasemissionen im Gebäudebereich. Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit analysiert das thermische Verhalten eines aus einer Erdwärmepumpe und einer nachträglich installierten thermischen Fassadenaktivierung bestehenden Heiz- und Kühlsystems eines mehrgeschoßigen Wohnbaus in Wien. Mithilfe der Software IPSEpro werden statische Simulationen zur Berechnung der notwendigen Vorlauftemperaturen des Heiz- und Kühlsystems bei unterschiedlichen Außentemperaturen und Betriebsmodi der Fassade und Bestandsradiatoren ermittelt. Die Effizienz der Wärmepumpe wird mithilfe des COP und der JAZ (für das Beispieljahr 2019) bestimmt sowie die ökologische Bewertung mithilfe der Treibhausgasemissionen durch den jährlichen Strombedarf im Vergleich zu einem Gaskessel sowie des TEWI durchgeführt. Schließlich wird eine Grobabschätzung des realen stündlichen COP sowie der stündlich bereiteten Vorlauftemperatur der Wärmepumpe für 2019 erstellt. Es zeigt sich, dass der effizienteste Betriebsmodus jener ist, bei dem alle verfügbaren Wärmeabgabesysteme verwendet werden (Fassade + Radiatoren), was eine Reduktion des jährlichen Stromverbrauchs von etwa 34% gegenüber der Variante mit der ausschließlichen Nutzung der Radiatoren im Jahr 2019 bewirkt. Im Vergleich zur Wärmebereitung mit einem Gaskessel spart die Nutzung der Erdwärmepumpe abhängig vom Betriebsmodus bis zu 87% (österreichischer Strommix) bzw. bis zu 99% (UZ 46 Grüner Strom) an Treibhausgasemissionen. Der TEWI der Wärmepumpe bei einer Nutzungsdauer von 15 Jahren würde abhängig vom Betriebsmodus zwischen 29.000 und 54.200 kg CO2-Äq. (österreichischer Strommix) und 2.000 und 4.400 kg CO2-Äq. (UZ 46 Grüner Strom) liegen.The design of highly efficient heating and cooling systems especially for refurbishment purposes is a vital necessity to cutting carbon emissions from buildings. This thesis analyses the thermal behaviour of a heating and cooling system consisting of a geothermal heat pump in combination with a retrofitted thermally activated façade for a case study building in Vienna, Austria. Static simulations are conducted using the software IPSEpro to establish the necessary flow temperatures of the heating and cooling system to maintain the desired indoor temperature at various outdoor temperatures for the heating and free cooling mode at various façade and radiator operation options. The efficiency of the heat pump in terms of the COP and the SPF (for the sample year 2019) is established. Additionally, the ecological performance of the heat pump is evaluated via the greenhouse gas emissions caused by electricity consumption in comparison to a gas- fired boiler as well as the TEWI. Finally, an attempt is made to give a more realistic estimation of the heat pump’s operation during 2019 to show the fluctuation of the COP as well as the provided heating water flow temperature on an hourly basis. Results show that the most efficient way to operate the heating system is to use all available heat release capacities (façade + radiators) which saves appr. 34% of electricity in comparison to the case of only the radiators being used during 2019. Compared to a gas- fired boiler, greenhouse gas emissions savings for 2019 amount to up to 87% for the Austrian electricity mix and even up to 99% if only eco- certified electricity is used. The TEWI of the heat pump operating for 15 years would amount to between 29,000 and 54,200 kg CO2-eq. for the Austrian electricity mix depending on the operation option, and to between 2,000 and 4,400 kg CO2-eq. for the eco- certified electricity option.submitted by Constanze RzihacekMasterarbeit Universität für Bodenkultur Wien 2024Mit deutscher Zusammenfassun