An advanced numerical model of friction stir welding of DH36 steel

A numerical model of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of DH36 steel plate (6mm thickness) has been developed using a CFD technique. Two welding speed conditions were used, a low welding speed of 200 RPM - 100mm/min, and a high welding speed of 550RPM- 400 mm/min. The heat generation, material flow and strain rate were calculated based on plastic deformation and frictional contact between the tool and workpiece. A CFD-based model has been produced to represent the asymmetry in temperature distribution between the advancing and retreating side, the material flow and the strain rate. The geometry of the model includes the tool plunged into the plate. The cooling system was also included in the simulation by calculating the heat flux lost for each part of the tool. The heat generated by viscous dissipation away from the tool was also taken into account. The total heat generated was divided into the individual tool parts (shoulder, probe side and probe end) and was found to be in good agreement with the experimental results for the areas affected by these parts. The maximum temperature obtained for the slow welding speed was 1012oC and for the high welding speed was 1250oC. Experimental metallographic examination has also been carried out on DH36 FSW steel plates to validate the CFD model. SEM analysis showed the formation of a fine microstructure of bainite, acicular ferrite and ferrite/cementite aggregate in the welded zone as compared to the ferrite/pearlite morphology in the base metal. It is found from the CFD and experimental results that the high speed welding conditions can produce defects such as wormholes and cracks in the welds associated with the probe side and probe end due to the lack of material flow especially on the advancing side. Tensile and fatigue testing were carried out for both slow and high welding speed samples, which broke outside the welded region in the tensile test, however, slow welding speed samples show more resistance to fatigue test and survived 644128 cycles, the high speed welding samples failed after 111,736 cycles under the same load

Modelling of friction stir welding of 304 stainless steel

A 3-D Eulerian steady-state CFD model has been developed to simulate the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of 6mm plate 304 stainless steel (304SS). The Polycrystalline BoroNitride- Tungsten Rhenium (PCBN-WRe) hybrid tool was modelled with the workpiece in a fully sticking condition. The viscosity of stainless steel was calculated from the flow stress equation taken from a previous study of hot working carried out in a range of temperatures between 800oC-1200 oC and strain rates 0.001 s-1 to 5 s-1. The model predicted the temperature distribution in the Stirred Zone (SZ) for three welding cases including low, intermediate and high rotational speed/traverse speeds. The model also predicts that localised melting may occur if the tool rotational speed exceeds 400RPM. Finally, the model suggested a larger probe (12mm diameter at the shoulder base and 5.8mm length) with a stationary shoulder would prevent the localised melting and allow an increase in welding speeds without the associated introduction of stagnant zone related weld defects

Evaluation of Inhibitory Activity of Cordia Myxa Fruit Extract on Microorganisms that Causes Spoilage of Food and Its Role in the Treatment of Certain Disease States

The study of chemical content and aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Aplomb's  fruit and then detect the chemical components effective it aggregates and also, studying the effectiveness of inhibitory to extracts toward isolates bacterial different: E.coli, Pseudomonas flurscence, Salmonella, Shegilla and Staphylococcus aureus, where the results showed that the fruit Alpmbr containing 63.9% carbohydrate, 8.6% protein, 6.7% ash and 9.9% fat, so that the fruit Alpmbr high content of carbohydrates and fat shows that fat contains a high percentage of saturated fats, such as fatty acid, lauric acid ratio was 48.3% and Myristic acid was 15.8%, as well as that it contains a significant proportion of unsaturated fatty acid such as oleic by 12.4%, which is an important and basic nutrition and health for human. The fruit Alpmbr of mineral content was high proportion of potassium 29 ppm and sodium element was 13 ppm. It was found that either metallic zinc and calcium were accepted by Iraqi Standard. Heavy metals such as Cadmium, chromium and copper were not diagnose which is toxic elements, so it may be considered the fruit of Alpmbr is a safe fruits to-use and useful for health. To test the activity of the functional chemical components, it was found that high content of alkaloids, Saponin, Comarines, and Gums, and a reasonable rates of resins and Steroid, multiple phenols, flavonoids and Glycosides, tannins and oily nitrogeneous materials oily with low content. The pH of the aqueous extracts is 7.0 and alcoholic extract was 6.5 that means the fruits is neutral acidity. As for the inhibition  activity toward the bacterial isolates were higher effective inhibitory concentration 200mg / ml of aqueous extracts a diameter of 26mm against Pseudomonas flurscence and 25 mm for the both of Salmonella and E.coli. While, it decrease significantly to 19mm towards both Shegilla and Staphylococcus aureus. But with alcoholic extract concentration 200mg / ml has decreased significantly to 25 mm diameter towards Staphylococcus aureus and 20mm in E.coli and Shegilla.  Also the same significant decreases towards the Salmonella 19mm and 16mm towards the bacteria Pseudomonas flurscence. The sensitivity of the bacterial isolates for the  antibiotics inhibition diameters was 20 mm, of Erthromycin against Salmonella.  And the diameter of Oxacillin was 17 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, but Optimdex T was a very highly effective against all bacterial isolates. Keywords: Cordia myxa-Chemicals content-Minerals-Bacterial inhibition activet

Effect of daily consumption of dried ginger in the level of some hormones, cholesterol, and total fat in women's sample

This study was carried out at the General Al-Mohmmodia Hospital/ Al-Mohmmodia district/ Baghdad/Iraq. Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) has become a subject of interest due to its bioactive contents such as an antioxidant and androgenic affect in diseases treatment in more countries world-wide. As an antioxidants ginger has an effective role on spermatogenesis and blood biochemical parameters. Thirty women almost of them suffering from high blood lipid profile and cholesterol, some of them had kidney dysfunction were taken. All women were conducted to explore the consumption of about 1gm daily for complete month on the physiological performance, lipid profile, kidney function and testosterone and progesterone hormones. The result of BMI showed significant difference of all ages groups and for all the kind of overweight and obesity. However Hb level showed a significant differences (p<0.05) between different ages, Hb showed no significant differences within the same age before and after consumption the ginger powder (p˃0.05). Blood glucose was not differ significantly between the group ages, but it was significantly (p<0.05) difference before and after the ginger powder consumption. Serum cholesterol, total glyceride. LDL, HDL, and VLDL levels revealed significant (p<0.05) differences between group ages, but within group age 31-40 years were no significant (p˃0.05) differences. On the other hand, result of this study showed a significant (p<0.05) differences in kidney functions (urea, creatinine, and salts) when compared its with normal ranges. However serum testosterone showed a significant (p<0.05) differences with all ages of women, the progesterone showed no significant (p˃0.05) differences. Results revealed that consumption of 1gm daily of ginger powder significantly increased blood Hb, cholesterol, lipid profile, testosterone hormone, and improved kidney functions. So that we can suggest that ginger may be a promising in kidney and fertility function. In addition, its improve the biochemical parameters Keywords: ginger-biochemical parameter-lipid profile- kidney function- hormone

Modelling of friction stir welding of DH36 steel

A 3-D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to simulate the friction stir welding of 6-mm plates of DH36 steel in an Eulerian steady-state framework. The viscosity of steel plate was represented as a non- Newtonian fluid using a flow stress function. The PCBN-WRe hybrid tool was modelled in a fully sticking condition with the cooling system effectively represented as a negative heat flux. The model predicted the temperature distribution in the stirred zone (SZ) for six welding speeds including low, intermediate and high welding speeds. The results showed higher asymmetry in temperature for high welding speeds. Thermocouple data for the high welding speed sample showed good agreement with the CFD model result. The CFD model results were also validated and compared against previous work carried out on the same steel grade. The CFD model also predicted defects such as wormholes and voids which occurred mainly on the advancing side and are originated due to the local pressure distribution between the advancing and retreating sides. These defects were found to be mainly coming from the lack in material flow which resulted from a stagnant zone formation especially at high tra- verse speeds. Shear stress on the tool surface was found to in- crease with increasing tool traverse speed. To produce a “sound” weld, the model showed that the welding speed should remain between 100 and 350 mm/min. Moreover, to prevent local melt- ing, the maximum tool’s rotational speed should not exceed 550 RPM

CADM1 inhibits squamous cell carcinoma progression by reducing STAT3 activity.

Although squamous cell carcinomas (SqCCs) of the lungs, head and neck, oesophagus, and cervix account for up to 30% of cancer deaths, the mechanisms that regulate disease progression remain incompletely understood. Here, we use gene transduction and human tumor xenograft assays to establish that the tumour suppressor Cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) inhibits SqCC proliferation and invasion, processes fundamental to disease progression. We determine that the extracellular domain of CADM1 mediates these effects by forming a complex with HER2 and integrin α6β4 at the cell surface that disrupts downstream STAT3 activity. We subsequently show that treating CADM1 null tumours with the JAK/STAT inhibitor ruxolitinib mimics CADM1 gene restoration in preventing SqCC growth and metastases. Overall, this study identifies a novel mechanism by which CADM1 prevents SqCC progression and suggests that screening tumours for loss of CADM1 expression will help identify those patients most likely to benefit from JAK/STAT targeted chemotherapies

Experimental and numerical study of pressure drop in pipes packed with large particles

This study investigates the pressure drop in horizontal pipes packed with large particles that result in small pipe-to-particle diameter ratio both experimentally and numerically. Two horizontal pipes of 0.1905 and 0.0254 m ID filled with cylindrical or spherical particles are used to collect the experimental data for single and two-phase flows. The porosity has same value for both pipes when they packed with cylindrical particles which is 0.75, however has different values when packed with spherical particles, 0.7 for the large pipe and 0.57 for the small pipe. The Roe-type Riemann solver proposed by Santim and Rosa Int J Numer Methods Fluids 80 (9), 536–568, [36] which uses the Drift-Flux model is modified aiming to predict the pressure drop in porous media through the implementation of a new source term in the system of equations. Empirical models available in the literature are used to calculate the single and two-phase flows pressure drop. The motivation is to verify the solver capability to reproduce the two-phase flow pressure drop in porous media and to compare some empirical models existing in the literature against the experimental data provided modifying some empirical coefficients when necessary.</p

Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Overweight and obesity is a global epidemic. Forecasting future trajectories of the epidemic is crucial for providing an evidence base for policy change. In this study, we examine the historical trends of the global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity from 1990 to 2021 and forecast the future trajectories to 2050. Methods: Leveraging established methodology from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, we estimated the prevalence of overweight and obesity among individuals aged 25 years and older by age and sex for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2050. Retrospective and current prevalence trends were derived based on both self-reported and measured anthropometric data extracted from 1350 unique sources, which include survey microdata and reports, as well as published literature. Specific adjustment was applied to correct for self-report bias. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models were used to synthesise data, leveraging both spatial and temporal correlation in epidemiological trends, to optimise the comparability of results across time and geographies. To generate forecast estimates, we used forecasts of the Socio-demographic Index and temporal correlation patterns presented as annualised rate of change to inform future trajectories. We considered a reference scenario assuming the continuation of historical trends. Findings: Rates of overweight and obesity increased at the global and regional levels, and in all nations, between 1990 and 2021. In 2021, an estimated 1·00 billion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·989–1·01) adult males and 1·11 billion (1·10–1·12) adult females had overweight and obesity. China had the largest population of adults with overweight and obesity (402 million [397–407] individuals), followed by India (180 million [167–194]) and the USA (172 million [169–174]). The highest age-standardised prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed in countries in Oceania and north Africa and the Middle East, with many of these countries reporting prevalence of more than 80% in adults. Compared with 1990, the global prevalence of obesity had increased by 155·1% (149·8–160·3) in males and 104·9% (95% UI 100·9–108·8) in females. The most rapid rise in obesity prevalence was observed in the north Africa and the Middle East super-region, where age-standardised prevalence rates in males more than tripled and in females more than doubled. Assuming the continuation of historical trends, by 2050, we forecast that the total number of adults living with overweight and obesity will reach 3·80 billion (95% UI 3·39–4·04), over half of the likely global adult population at that time. While China, India, and the USA will continue to constitute a large proportion of the global population with overweight and obesity, the number in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region is forecasted to increase by 254·8% (234·4–269·5). In Nigeria specifically, the number of adults with overweight and obesity is forecasted to rise to 141 million (121–162) by 2050, making it the country with the fourth-largest population with overweight and obesity. Interpretation: No country to date has successfully curbed the rising rates of adult overweight and obesity. Without immediate and effective intervention, overweight and obesity will continue to increase globally. Particularly in Asia and Africa, driven by growing populations, the number of individuals with overweight and obesity is forecast to rise substantially. These regions will face a considerable increase in obesity-related disease burden. Merely acknowledging obesity as a global health issue would be negligent on the part of global health and public health practitioners; more aggressive and targeted measures are required to address this crisis, as obesity is one of the foremost avertible risks to health now and in the future and poses an unparalleled threat of premature disease and death at local, national, and global levels. Funding: Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation

Barriers to Non-Viral Vector-Mediated Gene Delivery in the Nervous System

Efficient methods for cell line transfection are well described, but, for primary neurons, a high-yield method different from those relying on viral vectors is lacking. Viral transfection has several drawbacks, such as the complexity of vector preparation, safety concerns, and the generation of immune and inflammatory responses when used in vivo. However, one of the main problems for the use of non-viral gene vectors for neuronal transfection is their low efficiency when compared with viral vectors. Transgene expression, or siRNA delivery mediated by non-viral vectors, is the result of multiple processes related to cellular membrane crossing, intracellular traffic, and/or nuclear delivery of the genetic material cargo. This review will deal with the barriers that different nanoparticles (cationic lipids, polyethyleneimine, dendrimers and carbon nanotubes) must overcome to efficiently deliver their cargo to central nervous system cells, including internalization into the neurons, interaction with intracellular organelles such as lysosomes, and transport across the nuclear membrane of the neuron in the case of DNA transfection. Furthermore, when used in vivo, the nanoparticles should efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier to reach the target cells in the brain