Investigation of prosocial and antisocial behaviors of young athletes in terms of moral decision making attitudes

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the prosocial and antisocial behaviors of young athletes in terms of their moral decision making attitudes. Material: The study group consists of male athletes, aged among 13-17, who are licensed in the infrastructure of amateur and professional sports clubs in Trabzon/Turkey. "Attitudes to Moral Decision-making in Youth Sports Questionnaire (AMDYSQ)” and “Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Sports Scale (PABSS)” was used as a data collection tool. Descriptive statistics, MANOVA, and correlation were used to analyze the data. Results: As a result of the study, while the athletes' prosocial and antisocial behaviors do not show a significant difference according to the sporting year variable, the moral decision-making attitudes of the athletes show a significant difference according to the sporting year variable. In addition, as a result of the correlation analysis, it was observed that there were low and medium positive and negative relations between the sub-factors of the prosocial and antisocial behavior and the moral decision-making attitudes of young athletes.Conclusions: The present study indicated that good moral attitudes positively contributed to prosocial and antisocial behaviors during the competition

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Aboveground Dry Matter of Jack Pine, Black Spruce, White Spruce and Balsam Fir Trees at Two Localities in Ontario

Standard equations for aboveground ovendry mass of jack pine, black spruce, white spruce, and balsam fir were developed for the components and for the whole tree of single stems grown in natural stands in Ontario. The relationships between the component and the stem wood ovendry masses and those between the ovendry and the green masses were determined. Distribution of ovendry mass within the stem wood of merchantable trees was established. Wood densities were calculated, and comparisons of stem wood ovendry mass were made between the equations developed here and those found in other reports. </jats:p

Estimating ovendry mass of trembling aspen and white birch using measurements from aerial photographs

A pilot study tested the estimation of stem, crown, and whole-tree biomass of single trees from measurements of total tree height and crown area taken from large-scale aerial photographs. The results indicated the feasibility of this method, provided that time of photography is optimal. More extensive testing is required to confirm these encouraging preliminary results. </jats:p

A Ratio Method for Calculating Stem Volume to Variable Merchantable Limits, and Associated Taper Equations

One method for estimating the volume of the merchantable portion of a tree stem is the volume ratio method. In this study the ratio used with this method was derived from another ratio expressed as ground-to-limit volume to total stem volume. Because of the latter ratio's strong correlation with the ratio of merchantable top diameter/breast height diameter and merchantable height/total tree height, several mathematical models were formed employing these variables for its estimation for red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). Among the models that were tested, the best for each variable was chosen by assessing its adequacy by the statistical measures of fit index and standard error of estimate. When checked against an independent set of data, these best models performed satisfactorily, with small overall biases. Furthermore, taper equations were derived from these ground-to-limit volume ratio equations.</jats:p

Estimating Sound Seeds per Cone in White Spruce

White spruce cones were collected near Petawawa, Sudbury, and Oakville, Ontario during the 1982 and 1984 crop years. Cones were used to examine several regression models for estimating the number of sound seeds per cone as a function of seeds per cone section, cone length, and/or diameter. For the simplest models, using only one independent variable, highest coefficients of determination (R2) were found with sound seed per section. A multiple regression model, including all three independent variables and their interactions, was identified. It provided higher coefficients of determination than the model using sound seed per cone section as a single independent variable but did not provide much more precision for estimating sound seeds per cone. Regressions were specific for locations and crop years. </jats:p

Spacing and Age Effects on Biomass Production in Red Pine Plantations

Data and wood samples were collected from 155 trees in 16 high-survival, unthinned plantations of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) near Chalk River, Ontario, aged 27 to 54 years, with initial spacings of from 1.52 × 1.52 m to 4.27 × 4.27 m. Following standard weighing and drying procedures, ovendry mass values of the whole tree and or their individual components were calculated, and regressions developed to relate mass values to stem dimensions of diameter breast height (d) and total height (h), and to determine what effects the initial spacing and stand age had on those relations. Single-tree equations based simply on d and h gave satisfactory mass estimates only for the whole tree and for the component stem bark. For other components the addition of spacing and age showed successive improvements in the estimates over those provided by d2h alone. </jats:p

Biomass Inventory of Federal Forest Lands at Petawawa: A Case Study

An inventory was completed of federal forest lands located near Petawawa, Ontario. Using established procedures, the inventory was designed to provide estimates of standard forest data as well as of forest biomass.The average ovendry biomass on the 18 337 ha or natural forests was 130 t/ha. For individual forest strata, averages ranged from 69 t/ha to 159 t/ha. By stand component, trees equal to or greater than 8.1 cm dbh contained 96% of total biomass. saplings contained 3%, and seedlings 1%. By tree component, stem wood accounted for 66% of total biomass. Estimates were made of biomass quantities removed; this ranges from 69% to 95% of total stand biomass, depending on harvesting method.An assessment of changes required in conventional inventory procedures for estimating aboveground biomass indicated that they would be minor, with no serious effects on cost, time, or precision. </jats:p