FORMULATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF ORAL DISINTEGRATING TABLETS OF AMLODIPINE BESYLATE

Objective: The present investigation was undertaken with an objective of formulating oral disintegrating tablets of amlodipine besylate to enhance convenience and compliance of the elderly and pediatric patients for better therapeutic efficacy.Methods: The tablets were prepared by using direct compression method and evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, wetting time, disintegration time and in vitro drug release study. Prepared tablets were evaluated for compatibility by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Results: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies revealed that there was no physicochemical interaction between amlodipine besylate and other excipients. All the tablets hardness was found to be around 3.5 kg/cm2 and friability of all the formulations was less than 1%, Drug content in all the formulations was found in the range of 97.05% to 99.13%.Conclusion: The study clearly indicated that the type and concentration of superdisintegrants plays an important role in disintegration and dissolution of drug from oral disintegrating tablets. Among all the formulations, the maximum percentage of drug release and less disintegration time was found in F9 formulation containing 4% of crospovidone.Â

ASSESSMENT OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF SARCOSTEMMA BRUNONIANUM WIGHT AND ARN

Objective: Sarcostemma brunonianum Wight and Arn is a potential medicinal plant belonging to Asclepiadaceae. Bioactive constituents of the plant support the application of treating various ailments in the traditional system of medicine. The study aims to determine the presence of various phytoconstituents in stem, root, and flowers. Methods: Hot percolation method was carried out to obtain crude extracts using different solvent systems from low polar-high polar solvents ranging from petroleum ether, chloroform, (mid-polar) ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Estimation of total phenols, tannins and In vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated for the determination of potential pharmaceutical drugs. Results: The results revealed the presence of some phytoconstituents such as phenols, tannins, glycosides, gums and mucilages. Ascorbic acid, BSA, Rutin and Gallic acid were used as the reference standard. The total phenolic content was found to be high in stem methanol extract 440.84±69.99 mg/g Gallic acid equivalent, whereas the tannin content was 291.78±4.68 mg/g GAE. The result proves that the S. brunonianum stem methanol extract possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities when compared to reference standards. In vitro, Nitric oxide scavenging activity of stem showed a maximum % of inhibition in methanol stem extract (24.39µg/ml) and anti-inflammatory activity maximum inhibition was found to be (55.56 %) in stem methanol and flower(53.62 %). The IC50 (concentration required for 50% inhibition) was also calculated for the DPPH radical model. Conclusion: This study results proclaims and justifies the role of folklore medicinal plant S. brunonianum in the treatment of inflammatory-related ailments and can be recommended for an effective drug

ANALYSIS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICALS, ANTIOXIDANTS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF FICUS TSJAHELA BURM. F LEAF, BARK, AND FRUIT EXTRACTS

Objective: Ficus tsjahela Burm. f is a medicinal tree species, endemic to the Western Ghats having various healing properties. This study focused to check the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the leaf, bark, and fruit samples of F. tsjahela. Methods: The plant samples were subjected to Soxhlet extraction for phytochemical analysis and further experimental studies. The test on phytochemical studies indicated the presence of alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, and flavonol glycosides within the plant parts, respectively. The estimation of alkaloids, saponins, in vitro antioxidant, and antibacterial activities revealed that the methanol bark extracts have high activity compared to others. Results: Total alkaloid and saponin content was found to be high in leaf methanol extract was 996.17 mg/g quinine equivalent/g and 957.3 mg/g diosgenin equivalent/g, respectively. In vitro antioxidant assays revealed a strong radical scavenging potential of the methanol bark extract against stable (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), phosphomolybdenum, and superoxide radicals. Agar well diffusion method has been used to determine the antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Acetobacter aceti, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Conclusion: The bark methanol extract of F. tsjahela has exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity and significant antibacterial activity (p<0.05) against all tested bacterial strains observed

Women’s Resilience in Preserving Family Life Following an Earthquake in North Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

The earthquake in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, in August 2018 not only damaged the environment and the area around the epicenter but also shook public order. The shaking of economic and social infrastructure is being paid for by unpreparedness in facing disasters, and this is compounded by the mental deterioration of the community due to the loss of family members. This study aims to describe women\u27s abilities during the aftermath of the disaster, and their efforts to overcome economic and social problems within their families. We also observed women\u27s collective efforts as a way to eliminate trauma (trauma healing). This study employed a qualitative approach by interviewing eight housewives with direct experience in dealing with natural disasters. The study was conducted in four sub-districts: Gangga, Tanjung, Gondang, and Pemenang, North Lombok Regency. Data collected by observation and in-depth interviews. The theory used in this study is about the role of women who tend to be more caring and able to provide care to their environment, both in the family and community, and women’s awareness to build collective action in overcoming shared problems. The results of this study showed that women \u27s resilience in facing disasters has been tested, supported by their ability to help each other and care for their families and the environment. In addition, women\u27s involvement in joint business activities before the earthquake helped to restore the social, economic and psychological conditions experienced by women and their families due to the earthquake. The study also found that the involvement of women in a joint business activity that took place before the earthquake was able to be a rescue valve to restore the social, economic and psychological conditions experienced by women and their families due to the earthquake. Activities undertaken by women in their collectivity can be a way of healing trauma, which is useful for women\u27s resilience in the face of disasters, and also for families and society and for families and society as a whole because the rise of the joint business group will economically resonate with the environment, which is still in a collapsed and uncertain condition

HEPATOPROTECTIVE EVALUATION OF EPALTES DIVARICATA (L.) CASS. WHOLE PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST PARACETAMOL-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS

Objective: The plant of Epaltes divaricata (L.) Cass. Traditionally used for jaundice. The present work aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of alcohol and aqueous extract of the whole plant against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats to substantiate its traditional use.Methods: The alcohol and aqueous (200 and 400 mg/kg) extract of Epaltes divaricata prepared by cold maceration were administered orally to the animals with hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol (1000 mg/kg). Silymarine (40 mg/k) was given as reference standard. Hepatoprotective activity was assessed by estimating marker enzymes and by histopathological studies.Results: Both alcohol and aqueous (200 and 400 mg/kg) extract treatment significantly restored the paracetamol-induced elevations in levels of serum enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphate (ALP) and total bilirubin in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological examination revealed that the treatment attenuated the paracetamol-induced damage to the liver. The hepatoprotective effect of both extracts was comparable to that of the standard hepatoprotective agent, silymarin.Conclusion: The alcohol and aqueous extract of E. divaricata exhibited hepatoprotective effect against paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats. This study also validated their traditional medicinal use in jaundice

Aerodynamic effects of a folding wingtip to increase take-off, landing and cruise performance

The main purpose of a folding wing tip is to allow aerodynamically efficient high aspect ratio wing. To allow a wing tip to move in flight is to alleviate the loads and achieve lower wing weight or enable wing span to maximize. Thus reduces the induced drag and improve fuel efficiency. The folding wing tip may include spring devices in order to provide an additional gust loads alleviation ability in flight. A wing without a winglet produces wingtip vortices which increases drag as the air from the bottom surface of the wing (high pressure) tries to move to the upper surface (low pressure). To avoid this and have less vortices a winglet is used, around which the flow is same on both surfaces. A folding wingtip can be set at an angle of 0° to have maximum cruise performance and aspect ratio. If the wingtip is set in the range of 15°-50° it can increase lift during take-off. This folding wingtip can access any airport in the world because if it is folded at an angle of 90°, it can meet the gate requirements and restrictions of any airport. To study the performance of this mechanism, the wing tip was designed by using CATIA V5 software. The analysis of the wingtip at different angle of attacks was done using ANSYS and XFLR 5 softwares

Comparative biology and fertility parameters of two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. on different grapevine varieties

The influence of the four grapevine varieties 'Thompson Seedless', 'Manjri Naveen', 'Gulabi' and 'Bangalore Blue' on fitness, development and reproductive characteristics of the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae was studied. The biology of two spotted spider mites consisted of egg, larvae, protonymph, deutonymph and adult stages. The total duration from egg to adult was found to be the least in 'Thompson Seedless' (16.2 days) followed by ''Manjri Naveen' (17.2 days), 'Gulabi' (17.2 days) and maximum in 'Bangalore Blue' (32.2 days). The survival rate of life stages of mites was found to be lower in 'Bangalore Blue'. The higher values of net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase the shortest mean generation time was observed in 'Thompson Seedless' followed by 'Gulabi', 'Manjri Naveen' and 'Bangalore Blue'. The results suggested that 'Thompson Seedless' was the most suitable cultivar with higher survival rate of life stages of mites, shortest development period, higher value intrinsic rate of increase and fecundity whereas 'Bangalore Blue' was the least suitable cultivar because of the lowest intrinsic rate of increase, longest development period, lower survival rate of life stages of mites

HETEROSIS STUDIES FOR FIBRE QUALITY TRAITS IN DIALLEL CROSSES OF UPLAND COTTON (GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM L.)

Diallel analysis was studied by involving nine parents and their seventy two cross combinations in upland cotton to investigate the best heterotic crosses for fibre quality traits. The hybrid Anjali x KC 2 recorded both highest positive significant relative heterosis (17.18%) and heterobeltiosis (11.81%) and hybrid MCU 5 x Surabhi exhibited highest positive significant standard heterosis (16.98%) for bundle strength. 2.5% span length in parents and their hybrids ranged from 24.03 to 33.51 mm and 27.31 to 36.90 mm, respectively. Thirty four hybrids showed significant negative heterotic effects for micronaire value and hybrid MCU 5 x KC 3 (-27.89%) displayed greater negative standard heterosis. Mean performance of elongation per cent in parents and hybrids was 5.11% and 4.87%, respectively. Out of seventy two hybrids, six cross combinations viz., KC 2 x MCU 5, MCU 5 x MCU 7, Anjali x Suraj, Anjali x MCU 5, Surabhi x Anjali and KC 2 x Suraj were appeared to more promising for most of the fibre quality traits and could be exploited. The present study reveals good scope for isolation of pure lines from the progenies of heterotic F1’s as well as commercial exploitation of heterosis in upland cotton

Floral Visitor Profile and Their Relative Abundance on Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esclentum M.)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the floral visitor profile, their reward forage from the inflorescence of buckwheat in addition to their abundance in different blooming phases of the crop. Totally 46 insect floral visitors were documented during different bloom phases during 2024, which included both Apis and non-Apis species, out of which 21 species were from Hymenoptera, 14 species from Diptera, six from Lepidoptera, three from Hemiptera and two from Coleoptera. The overall composition of A. cerana was maximum, followed by A. florea and A. mellifera during different bloom phases of buckwheat. The honey bees ranked first, followed by Syritta orientalis which belongs to family Apidae, compared to rest of the insect floral visitors which belonged to different orders. Hymenopterans were more abundant (45.65 %), followed by Dipterans (30.43 %), Lepidopterans (13.04 %), Hemipterans (6.52 %) and Coleopterans (4.3 %). The diversity of floral visitors was highest during maximum bloom phase on pin and thrum morph as compared to initial and late blooming phases. Irrespective of blooming phases, the diversity of floral visitors was maximum on thrum morph as compared to pin morph