Validation of developed method by RP-HPLC for estimation of Prasugrelin human plasma and studying the stability of the drugs in plasma

This paper is concern with a reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) bio-analytical method development and validation for Prasugrel in human plasma using photo diode array detector (PDA detector). The HPLC separation was carried out in an isocratic mode on an X-Terra C18 column (4.6 x 150 mm; 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of potassium dihydrogen phosphate [pH 3.0] and acetonitrile in the ratio of 30:70 v/v at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The run time was maintained for 5 mins and the detection was monitored at 210 nm. The percentage recovery was found 99.61-100.06 in human plasma. This reveals that the method is quite accurate. The linearity was found 15-40 μg/mL in human plasma. The inter-day and intra-day precision in plasma was found within the limits. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) obtained by the proposed method was 0.05 μg/mL. The percentage relative standard deviation (%RSD) obtained for the drug spiked in plasma for stability studies were less than 2 %

Shock excited far-infrared molecular emission around T Tau

The first complete far-infrared spectrum of T Tau has been obtained with the LWS spectrometer on-board the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), which detected strong emission from high-J (J=14-25) CO, para- and ortho-H2O and OH transitions over the wavelength range from 40 to 190 mu m. In addition the [OI]63μm, [OI]145μm and [CII]158μm atomic lines were also detected. Most of the observed molecular emission can be explained by a single emission region at T ~ 300-900 K and nH2 ~ 105-6 cm-3, with a diameter of about 2-3 arcsec. This corresponds to a very compact region of 300 - 400 AU at the distance of 140 pc. A higher temperature component seems to be needed to explain the highest excitation CO and H2O lines. We derive a water abundance of 1-7 .10-5 and an OH abundance of ~ 3 .10-5 with respect to molecular hydrogen, implying H2O and OH enhancements by more than a factor of 10 with respect to the expected ambient gas abundance. The observed cooling in the various species amounts to 0.04 L⊙, comparable to the mechanical luminosity of the outflow, indicating that the stellar winds could be responsible of the line excitation through shocks. In order to explain the observed molecular cooling in T Tau in terms of C-type shock models, we hypothesise that the strong far-ultraviolet radiation field photodissociates water in favour of OH. This would explain the large overabundance of OH observed. The estimated relatively high density and compactness of the observed emission suggest that it originates from the shocks taking place at the base of the molecular outflow emission, in the region where the action of the stellar winds from the two stars of the binary system is important

Polychaete invader enhances resource utilization in a species-poor system

Ecosystem consequences of biodiversity change are often studied from a species loss perspective, while the effects of invasive species on ecosystem functions are rarely quantified. In this experimental study, we used isotope tracers to measure the incorporation and burial of carbon and nitrogen from a simulated spring phytoplankton bloom by communities of one to four species of deposit-feeding macrofauna found in the species-poor Baltic Sea. The recently invading polychaete Marenzelleriaarctia, which has spread throughout the Baltic Sea, grows more rapidly than the native species Monoporeia affinis, Pontoporeia femorata (both amphipods) and Macoma balthica (a bivalve), resulting in higher biomass increase (biomass production) in treatments including the polychaete. Marenzelleria incorporated and buried bloom material at rates similar to the native species. Multi-species treatments generally had higher isotope incorporation, indicative of utilization of bloom material, than expected from monoculture yields of the respective species. The mechanism behind this observed over-yielding was mainly niche complementarity in utilization of the bloom input, and was more evident in communities including the invader. In contrast, multi-species treatments had generally lower biomass increase than expected. This contrasting pattern suggests that there is little overlap in resource use of freshly deposited bloom material between Marenzelleria and the native species but it is likely that interference competition acts to dampen resulting community biomass. In conclusion, an invasive species can enhance incorporation and burial of organic matter from settled phytoplankton blooms, two processes fundamental for marine productivity

Status of Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea

The brackish Baltic Sea hosts species of various origins and environmental tolerances. These immigrated to the sea 10,000 to 15,000 years ago or have been introduced to the area over the relatively recent history of the system. The Baltic Sea has only one known endemic species. While information on some abiotic parameters extends back as long as five centuries and first quantitative snapshot data on biota (on exploited fish populations) originate generally from the same time, international coordination of research began in the early twentieth century. Continuous, annual Baltic Sea-wide long-term datasets on several organism groups (plankton, benthos, fish) are generally available since the mid-1950s. Based on a variety of available data sources (published papers, reports, grey literature, unpublished data), the Baltic Sea, incl. Kattegat, hosts altogether at least 6,065 species, including at least 1,700 phytoplankton, 442 phytobenthos, at least 1,199 zooplankton, at least 569 meiozoobenthos, 1,476 macrozoobenthos, at least 380 vertebrate parasites, about 200 fish, 3 seal, and 83 bird species. In general, but not in all organism groups, high sub-regional total species richness is associated with elevated salinity. Although in comparison with fully marine areas the Baltic Sea supports fewer species, several facets of the system's diversity remain underexplored to this day, such as micro-organisms, foraminiferans, meiobenthos and parasites. In the future, climate change and its interactions with multiple anthropogenic forcings are likely to have major impacts on the Baltic biodiversity

Smoked and Fermented Bushmeat (Mpunam) Products: Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Resulting From Processing

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) congener concentrations and risk upon human exposure to smoked bushmeat products were analyzed. GC/MS MRM and QuEChERS methods were used for the analysis. This work has become necessary due to the need for more information concerning the quantitative determination of these compounds and their health risk assessment. The 16 PAH congeners identified were acenaphthylene (ACA), naphthalene (NAP), acenaphthene (ACE), fluorene (FLU), anthracene (ANT), phenanthrene (PHE), fluoranthene (FLT), pyrene (PYR), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BBF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BKF), benzo[a]anthracene (BAA), chrysene (CHR), indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IND), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DAA), benzo(g,h,i)pyrene (BGP), and benzo[a]pyrene (BAP). At the 5% and 95% daily intake levels, BAP was at 3.34 and 17.39 μg/kg(bw)/day, ΣPAH4 was at 25.11 and 109.15 μg/kg(bw)/day, and ΣPAH8 was at 55.76 and 236.68 μg/kg(bw)/day, respectively. BAP, ΣPAH4, and ΣPAH8 concentration exceeded the European Union limits, as BAP concentration was as low as 6.09 μg/kg and as high as 34.19. The exposure values were significantly high. Specifically, the margin of exposure for BAP was as low as 2.09×10−2; for ΣPAH4, it was 1.36×10−−2; and for ΣPAH8, it was 1.95×10−2 all at the 95% level. These figures are substantially lower than the benchmark of 10,000, indicating a higher ILTCR. Furthermore, the ILTCR ranged from a minimum of 47.77 to a maximum of 248.53 at the 5% and 95% levels, respectively. This study makes smoked bushmeat a public health concern because the higher figures obtained indicate higher carcinogenicity upon consumption

Home Remedies During COVID Pandemic Lockdown

Summary: COVID-19 pandemic affected almost all countries of the world and all countries adopted restrictive measures like "social" distancing and lockdown, intended to avoid transmission from human to human, and thus restricting virus spread. During nationwide  lockdowns some of the minor health issues can be fixed at home using the home remedies. During the lockdown time, basic care and treatment  can be provided at home.  But if the condition of the person critical,  referral to hospital or any health center is advised. Home remedy is a type of homemade medication or tonic often of scientifically unproven effectiveness administered without any guidance, prescription or professional persons supervision. Home remedies may or may not have any type of medicinal properties that will treat or cure the diseases. It can be prepared by any person those are literate or laypersons also.  Women in India are well versed to home remedies as compared to males as they are always practicing it since generations for quick relief of minor ailments for children and family members.  To control Covid 19 spread in the country, government had declared complete lockdown in the country to break chain of COVID-19 through social distancing

Population dynamics of the venerid bivalve, Tawera gayi (Hupé, 1854) in the Ushuaia Bay, Beagle Channel

Growth, productivity and potential for exploitation of the clam Tawera gayi from shallow waters (3 to 5 m) of Ushuaia Bay, Beagle Channel were investigated. Mean abundance and biomass in the study area were 1091 ± 737 ind m^-2 and 901.83 g SFWM m^-2 (shell free wet mass) respectively. Individual growth was described best by the von Bertalanffy growth model with the parameter values H? = 28.03 mm, K = 0.288 y^1, t0 = -0.34 (r^2 = 0.83). Annual production of the population was estimated to be 120.45 g SFWM m^-2 y^-1, corresponding to a P/B ratio of 0.134 y^-1. The single negative exponential mortality model does not fit the population mortality pattern, but predation by gastropods (Xymenopsis muriciformis, Trophon geversianus, Natica sp.) appears to be the major cause of mortality. These highly mobile predators together with the comparatively slow growth and low turnover of T. gayi in Ushuaia Bay limit its potential for sustainable commercial exploitation