Economic and Legal Mechanisms of Interstate Support for Agricultural Producers

The transitional stage in the agrarian economy requires an optimal combination of state protection and market levers. At present, the state regulatory influence on the development of agriculture remains, on the one hand, quite significant, and on the other, insufficiently effective. There is no systemic integrity in the practice of state regulation of the agricultural sector. The relevance of the study is that in transition economies, agrarian protectionism was initially caused by somewhat different circumstances, and the protectionist policy was formed in fundamentally different conditions. The authors demonstrate that protectionism in industrial-type transition economies inherited a huge mechanism of state support for the agro-industrial complex in the depths of a centrally planned economy. Everywhere this support constituted a heavy burden of national finances, and one of the primary tasks of reforms in transition economies, including agrarian reforms, was precisely the release from this burden. It causes sharp liberalization of agrarian policy in almost all countries. The method of analysis was used to investigate the main directions, methods, and mechanisms of state regulation of the economy in different countries; the priority areas of state regulation of prices in the agro-industrial complex industry were highlighted. The practical significance of the study is that macroeconomic reforms in countries with an industrial type of development led to a rapid deterioration in the financial situation of the agricultural sector

The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess.Comment: Major update of previous version. This is the reference document for LBNE science program and current status. Chapters 1, 3, and 9 provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess. 288 pages, 116 figure

Identifikacija monomorfnih i polimorfnih gena povezanih s recesivno uvjetovanim poremećajima plodnosti holštajnskih krava u Kazahstanu

Haplotypes of candidate genes namely: apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (APAF1 p.Q579X or HH1), glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GART or HH4), structural maintenance of chromosomes 2 (SMC2 or HH3), and haplotype cholesterol deficiency (HCD) genes associated with recessive fertility defects (loss of fertility) were investigated in imported Canadian Holstein cows reared at “Medeu Commerce” LLP breeding farm in Kazakhstan. The genotypic profiling of the APAF1/HH1, GART/HH4 fertility haplotype carriers was carried out by PCR-RFLP methods using BstC8I and Tru9I and MseI, while the genotypic profiling of the SMC2/HH3, and HCD fertility haplotype carriers was carried out using our own primer designed by internal primer marker methods. The study revealed that the PCR-RFLP diagnostic markers APAF1/HH1 and GART/HH4 for recessive fertility defects were monomorphic in the Canadian Holstein cows investigated. However, the diagnostic markers SMC2/HH3 and HCD fertility haplotype carriers (our own design diagnostic markers) were polymorphic, with frequencies of 3% and 11%, respectively, in the investigated Canadian Holstein cows. The study concluded that genetic monitoring of recessive fertility defects enables the timely identification of carriers of harmful lethal mutations, and control of the fertility haplotype elimination process.U krava holštajnske pasmine, uvezenih iz Kanade i uzgojenih na poljoprivrednom gospodarstvu Medeu Commerce LLP u Kazahstanu, istraživani su haplotipovi slijedećih kandidatnih gena za koje se smatra da su povezani s poremećajima (gubitkom) plodnosti: faktor koji aktivira apoptotsku proteazu 1 (APAF1 p.Q579X ili HH1), glicinamidribonukleotidna formiltransferaza (GART ili HH4), strukturno održavanje kromosoma 2 (SMC2 ili HH3) i haplotip za manjak kolesterola (HCD). Genotipsko profiliranje nositelja haplotipova APAF1/HH1, GART/HH4 provedeno je metodom PCR-RFLP uz upotrebu BstC8I i Tru9I te MseI, dok je genotipsko profiliranje nositelja haplotipova SMC2/ HH3, i HCD provedeno vlastitim primerima, oblikovanim internim metodama. Rezultati su pokazali da su metodom PCR-RFLP dijagnostički markeri APAF1/HH1 i GART/HH4 za recesivne poremećaje plodnosti u istraživanih krava bili monomorfni. Istovremeno, dijagnostički markeri nositelja haplotipova SMC2/HH3 i HCD (oblikovani prema vlastitim metodama) bili su polimorfni, s učestalošću od 3 % i 11 %. Zaključeno je da genetski nadzor recesivnih poremećaja plodnosti omogućuje pravodobno identificiranje nositelja štetnih letalnih mutacija i kontrolu eliminacije haplotipova koji štetno utječu na plodnost

Project Method as the Most Effective Tool for Speaking Skills

This article touches upon the problem of using project method in foreign language education. Currently, the priority in the modern methodology of teaching a foreign language are issues linked to increasing the quality of teaching and the quality of foreign language proficiency of the students. The new model of education presupposes students' active creative activity. The project method is able to provide it. The authors tried to prove that project method is a didactic tool of intensifying cognitive activity, developing creativity and the formation of certain personal qualities formation. The project method is predicted on the cognitive activity of the student, the problematization of educational material, the connection of learning with the life experience of the learner, organization of learning as an activity. Also, the use of this method allows us to move away from the authoritarian style of learning and reorients the work of students on independence, the priority of research, exploratory, creative activities

Integration of e-Government Bases as a Means for Ensuring Economic (Tax) and Information Security

In this article, on the basis of an integrated approach, a comparative legal method of cognition, it is proposed to integrate the bases of electronic governments to improve measures to effectively counter economic crime and ensure economic security. Given the global progress in dynamically developing market and civil property relations, in the context of the digitalisation of the economy, the methods of committing many crimes are evolving, their qualitative characteristics and methods of commission are changing. According to the authors, the information model of the integration of electronic systems of tax and other state bodies into a single electronic system will successfully prevent and combat crimes in the field of IT-technologies at the initial stage of using information systems. In the future, the integration of electronic ‘Governments for citizens’ of different countries available for use by citizens and organisations in the field of taxes, public procurement, etc. into a single system will significantly increase information and economic security at the global level.</jats:p

Investigation of Cytotoxic and Antileishmanial Activity of Hybrid Silver Nanoparticle Complexes: Potential Drug Candidates against Leishmania Species

In recent years, isolation of resistant Leishmania species to drugs in use has made it necessary to search alternative molecules that may be drug candidates. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and in vitro antileishmanial activity of hybrid silver nanoparticle (AgNP) complexes. In this study, three types of nanoparticles (NPs), oxidized amylose-silver (OA-Ag) NPs, oxidized amylose-curcumin (OA -Cur) NPs and oxidized amylose-curcumin-silver (OA-CurAgNP) nanoparticles were synthesized. The cytotoxic activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was determined against L929 mouse fibroblasts and the in vitro antileishmanial activity was determined against Leishmania tropica , Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani isolates by the broth microdilution method. It was observed that the hybrid OA-CurAgNP com - plex obtained by combining curcumin and silver nanoparticles showed cytotoxic effects against L929 mouse fibroblasts at concentrations of 1074 pg/mL and above. IC 50 values expressing the antileishmanial activity of the hybrid OA-CurAgNP complex against L.tropica , L.infantum and L.donovani isolates, were found to vary between 95-121 pg/mL, 202-330 pg/mL and 210-254 pg/mL, respectively. Resistance development has emerged as a major challenge in the treatment of leishmaniasis in recent times. Metallic nanoparticles are considered excellent candidates for medical applications due to their chemical and physical properties, as well as their prolonged circulation in the body. The current drugs used for leishmaniasis treatment are highly toxic, while nanoparticles offer advantages such as low toxicity and easy cellular uptake due to their nanoscale dimensions. The identification of strong efficacy in these particles may con - tribute scientific evidence for their potential use in leishmaniasis treatment. Therefore, the therapeutical value of OA-CurAgNP complex alone in combination with existing drugs should be examined

Identification of monomorphic and polymorphic genes associated with recessive fertility defects in Holstein cows reared in Kazakhstan

Haplotypes of candidate genes namely: apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (APAF1 p.Q579X or HH1), glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GART or HH4), structural maintenance of chromosomes 2 (SMC2 or HH3), and haplotype cholesterol deficiency (HCD) genes associated with recessive fertility defects (loss of fertility) were investigated in imported Canadian Holstein cows reared at “Medeu Commerce” LLP breeding farm in Kazakhstan. The genotypic profiling of the APAF1/HH1, GART/HH4 fertility haplotype carriers was carried out by PCR-RFLP methods using BstC8I and Tru9I and MseI, while the genotypic profiling of the SMC2/HH3, and HCD fertility haplotype carriers was carried out using our own primer designed by internal primer marker methods. The study revealed that the PCR-RFLP diagnostic markers APAF1/HH1 and GART/HH4 for recessive fertility defects were monomorphic in the Canadian Holstein cows investigated. However, the diagnostic markers SMC2/HH3 and HCD fertility haplotype carriers (our own design diagnostic markers) were polymorphic, with frequencies of 3% and 11%, respectively, in the investigated Canadian Holstein cows. The study concluded that genetic monitoring of recessive fertility defects enables the timely identification of carriers of harmful lethal mutations, and control of the fertility haplotype elimination process.</jats:p

Paramagnetic Properties of Carbon Films

This research paper presents the results of obtaining carbon films on various substrates (quartz, mica, and silicon) at temperatures from 0 &deg;C (initial) to 800 &deg;C through plasma chemical vapor deposition. The carbon films obtained on various films were studied using the method of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). EPR measurements were carried out on twenty samples at a perpendicular and parallel arrangement of the sample plane concerning the orientation of the magnetic field. When measuring the resonance conditions by changing the magnetic field, an EPR signal appeared in all of the deposited samples. The paper presents a general view of the EPR spectrum in all of the samples, including the signal intensity, g-factor, line widths, and normalized signal intensity of the carbon films on various substrates at temperatures from 0 &deg;C to 800 &deg;C. Studies show that with an increase in temperature, the normalized intensity of the EPR signal line increases during the deposition of a carbon in all deposited substrates (quartz, mica, and silicon) using the method of plasma decomposition of a mixture of methane and hydrogen