Diphtheria in an Adult: How Well Prepared Are We in Tackling the Disease? A Case Report

Diphtheria is a forgotten communicable disease and presumed to be under sufficient control so much so that life savings drugs required for its treatment has disappeared from most hospitals. Contrary to this belief, classical diphtheria continues to exist in many parts of India despite extensive immunizations campaigns raising the suspicion of resurgence. The absence of essential drugs in treatment of this condition has further worsened the situation. The expenditure involved in procuring these drugs is yet another constraint. We here by present one such case of adult diphtheria and discuss the problems associated with its diagnosis and treatment

Changing patterns in health-seeking behaviour and prescription practices for treatment of hypertension in nine districts – insights from India Hypertension Control Initiative, 2018-19 and 2023-24

Abstract The India Hypertension Control Initiative (IHCI) aimed to strengthen public sector primary care for hypertension treatment and control. Our study describes changes in health-seeking behaviour, prescription practices, and key predictors influencing treatment adoption in the public sector using data from IHCI repeat cross-sectional surveys. We conducted baseline (2018-19) and follow-up (2023-24) surveys in nine districts across five Phase I states in India - two districts each from Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, and Kerala, and one from Maharashtra. We conducted the survey among 3,900 adults (18–69 years) per district at two time points. We computed frequencies and proportions for socio-demographic variables, healthcare utilisation, blood pressure (BP) control, drug availability, medication costs, and prescription practices. We used a log-binomial model to estimate unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs, APRs) with 95% confidence intervals for factors influencing care-seeking for hypertension in government facilities. Among 2,873 baseline and 3,276 follow-up respondents, the proportion seeking treatment at government facilities increased from 20% to 32%. Individuals on treatment were 1.5 times more likely to use government facilities in 2023-24 than in 2018-19 (aPR 1.54, 95% CI: 1.4–1.7). BP control improved in government (37% to 48%) and non-government (35% to 47%) facilities. Drug availability (always available) in government facilities rose from 72% (425/588) to 81% (844/1041), with Amlodipine 5 mg remaining the most prescribed drug (18%). The proportion of individuals paying for medications dropped from 47% to 9%. There was increased public sector use, improved BP control, enhanced drug availability, and reduced costs, possibly due to IHCI interventions. We recommend using representative surveys for NCD surveillance to monitor healthcare utilisation patterns and assess the impact of interventions on hypertension outcomes. Keywords Blood Pressure; Hypertension; Public Sector; Primary Health Care; Drug Prescriptions; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Indi