Renal failure deaths and their risk factors in India 2001–13: nationally representative estimates from the Million Death Study

Background Renal failure represents a growing but mostly undocumented cause of premature mortality in low-income and middle-income countries. We investigated changes in adult renal failure mortality and its key risk factors in India using the nationally representative Million Death Study. Methods In this cross-sectional analysis of population-based data, two trained physicians independently assigned underlying causes to 150 018 deaths at ages 15–69 years from a nationally-representative mortality survey in India for 2001–03 and 2010–13, using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th version (ICD-10). We applied the age-specific proportion of renal failure deaths for the 2010–13 period to the 2015 UN estimates of total deaths in India and calculated age-standardised death rates for renal failure by rural or urban residence, state, and age group. We used proportional mortality of renal deaths (cases) to injuries (controls) to calculate the odds of renal death in the presence of different comorbidities and stratified risks by decade of birth. Findings In 2001–03, 2·1% of total deaths among 15–69 year olds were from renal failure (1266 [2·2%] of 58 871; unweighted). By 2010–13, the proportion of deaths from renal failure had risen to 2·9% (2943 [3·2%] of 91 147; unweighted) of total deaths and corresponding to 136 000 renal failure deaths (range 108 000–150 000) of 4 688 000 total deaths nationally in 2015. Age-standardised renal death rates were highest in the southern and eastern states, particularly among adults aged 45–69 years in 2010–13. Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease were all significantly associated with increased renal failure deaths, with diabetes the strongest predictor—odds ratio (OR) vs control 9·2 (95% CI 6·7–12·7) in 2001–03, rising to 15·1 (12·6–18·1) in 2010–13. In the 2010–13 study population, the diabetes to non-diabetes OR was twice as large in adults born in the 1970s (25·5, 95% CI 17·6–37·1) as in those individuals born during or before the 1950s (11·7, 9·1–14·9). Interpretation Renal failure is a growing cause of premature death in India. Poorly treated diabetes is the most probable reason for this increase. Strategies aimed at diabetes prevention, and early detection and treatment are urgently needed in India, as well as greater access to renal replacement therapy

Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika melalui Media Realita di Sekolah Dasar

The benefit matematic reality media to study result of fifth grader student in SDN 06 Dapan, Ledo subdistrict, Bengkayang regency . The purpose of this research is to know the benefit reality media to study result of fifth grader student in SDN 06 Dapan, Ledo subdistrict, Bengkayang regency. The research method used Classroom Research with two cycle to comprise planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. encode for processing research of source its if the student learning product to achieve even 75.The implementation encode for processing research learning is student in abbrevation find and establish long square at I cycle average 73,33 at the II cycle be advance 96,66. from the research can have as a conclusion the benefit matematic reality can study result increase student

Orality in Osundare’s Poetry: “WH-ASK” and “NP-WH-LET” Constructions

Two rhetorical structural types, characterised as WH-ASK and NPWH-LET constructions, derived from the Yoruba praise and incantatory poetic tradition, are identified in Niyi Osundare’s poetry. The syntax, though distinct and unique, does not violate the combinatory possibilities of English. Breaking no rules of the syntax of English, the syntagmatic patterns inevitably draw attention to themselves as characteristic habits of thought and modes of expression of the Yoruba people. The syntactorhetorical borrowing from Yoruba poetry represents the poet’s efforts at “domesticating” English or making it carry the “weight” of his Yoruba experience. The paper identifies a profound and highly rewarding interaction between the lexical and syntactic arrangements in the poet’s creative works, pointing out that no investigation of the oral dimension of his poetry should ignore the structural paradigm

Survey of campylobacter, salmonella and mycoplasmas in house crows (Corvus splendens) in Malaysia

House crows (Corvus splendens) in Selangor, Malaysia were examined for the presence of Campylobacter species, Salmonella species, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae by serology, culture and pcr. For the detection of Campylobacter and Salmonella species swabs were taken either from the intestine or cloaca. For the detection of mycoplasmas, swabs were taken either from the choanal cleft or trachea for culture and pcr and serum samples were tested by the rapid serum agglutination (rsa) and monoclonal antibody-blocking elisa (mbelisa) for antibodies to M gallisepticum and M synoviae. For campylobacter, 25·3 per cent of the crows were positive by culture, and the species identified were Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. No Salmonella species were isolated. Four of 24 swabs were positive for M gallisepticum dna but none gave positive results for M synoviae dna. No M gallisepticum or M synoviae antibodies were detected by rsa but 60 per cent of the sera gave positive reactions for M gallisepticum and 13 per cent gave positive reactions for M synoviae by mbelisa

Review of \u3ci\u3eWives and Husbands: Gender and Age in Southern Arapaho History.\u3c/i\u3e By Loretta Fowler.

Wives and Husbands will likely become a classic of ethnographically informed historical anthropology. From the moment distinguished anthropologist Loretta Fowler\u27s work opens with its account of Little Raven and Walking Backward-a brother and sister born in the early nineteenth century who lived to see great changes- to its final pages, which offer at least ten new lines of research that scholars might do well to follow to correct errors regarding everything from women\u27s status under change to the reidentification process undergone by educated Arapahos returning to their communities, a wide variety of readers will find themselves engaged in a book impossible to put down because of the quality of its writing and its deft instruction at many levels. Fowler\u27s very last line sums up in modest fashion her central message: These Southern Arapaho stories offer a window onto the way history makes gender and gender makes history

Review of \u3ci\u3eWives and Husbands: Gender and Age in Southern Arapaho History.\u3c/i\u3e By Loretta Fowler.

Wives and Husbands will likely become a classic of ethnographically informed historical anthropology. From the moment distinguished anthropologist Loretta Fowler\u27s work opens with its account of Little Raven and Walking Backward-a brother and sister born in the early nineteenth century who lived to see great changes- to its final pages, which offer at least ten new lines of research that scholars might do well to follow to correct errors regarding everything from women\u27s status under change to the reidentification process undergone by educated Arapahos returning to their communities, a wide variety of readers will find themselves engaged in a book impossible to put down because of the quality of its writing and its deft instruction at many levels. Fowler\u27s very last line sums up in modest fashion her central message: These Southern Arapaho stories offer a window onto the way history makes gender and gender makes history

Life path analysis: scaling indicates priming effects of social and habitat factors on dispersal distances

1. Movements of many animals along a life-path can be separated into repetitive ones within home ranges and transitions between home ranges. We sought relationships of social and environmental factors with initiation and distance of transition movements in 114 buzzards Buteo buteo that were marked as nestlings with long-life radio tags. 2. Ex-natal dispersal movements of 51 buzzards in autumn were longer than for 30 later in their first year and than 35 extra-natal movements between home ranges after leaving nest areas. In the second and third springs, distances moved from winter focal points by birds that paired were the same or less than for unpaired birds. No post-nuptial movement exceeded 2 km. 3. Initiation of early ex-natal dispersal was enhanced by presence of many sibs, but also by lack of worm-rich loam soils. Distances travelled were greatest for birds from small broods and with relatively little short grass-feeding habitat near the nest. Later movements were generally enhanced by the absence of loam soils and short grassland, especially with abundance of other buzzards and probable poor feeding habitats (heathland, long grass). 4. Buzzards tended to persist in their first autumn where arable land was abundant, but subsequently showed a strong tendency to move from this habitat. 5. Factors that acted most strongly in ½-km buffers round nests, or round subsequent focal points, usually promoted movement compared with factors acting at a larger scale. Strong relationships between movement distances and environmental characteristics in ½-km buffers, especially during early ex-natal dispersal, suggested that buzzards became primed by these factors to travel far. 6. Movements were also farthest for buzzards that had already moved far from their natal nests, perhaps reflecting genetic predisposition, long-term priming or poor habitat beyond the study area