Forecasting of mining and geological processes based on the analysis of the underground space of the Kupol deposit as a multicomponent system (Chukotka Autonomous Region, Anadyr district)

The underground space of the Kupol deposit is analyzed as a multicomponent system – rocks, underground water, microbiota, gases (including the mine atmosphere) and supporting structures – metal support and shotcrete (as an additional type of barring) and also stowing materials. The complex of host rocks is highly disintegrated due to active tectonic and volcanic activity in the Cretaceous period. The thickness of sub-permafrost reaches 250-300 m. In 2014, they were found to contain cryopegs with abnormal mineralization and pH, which led to the destruction of metal supports and the caving formation. The underground waters of the sub-permafrost aquifer are chemically chloride-sulfate sodium-calcium with a mineralization of 3-5 g/dm3. According to microbiological analysis, they contain anaerobic and aerobic forms of microorganisms, including micromycetes, bacteria and actinomycetes. The activity of microorganisms is accompanied by the generation of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. The main types of corrosion – chemical (sulfate and carbon dioxide), electrochemical and biocorrosion are considered. The most hazardous is the biocorrosion associated with the active functioning of the microbiota. Forecasting and systematization of mining and geological processes are carried out taking into account the presence of two zones in depth – sub-permafrost and below the bottom of the sub-permafrost, where mining operations are currently underdone. The importance of assessing the underground space as a multicomponent environment in predicting mining and geological processes is shown, which can serve as the basis for creating and developing specialized monitoring complex in difficult engineering and geological conditions of the deposit under consideration

Why, when, and how did yeast evolve alcoholic fermentation?

The origin of modern fruits brought to microbial communities an abundant source of rich food based on simple sugars. Yeasts, especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae, usually become the predominant group in these niches. One of the most prominent and unique features and likely a winning trait of these yeasts is their ability to rapidly convert sugars to ethanol at both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Why, when, and how did yeasts remodel their carbon metabolism to be able to accumulate ethanol under aerobic conditions and at the expense of decreasing biomass production? We hereby review the recent data on the carbon metabolism in Saccharomycetaceae species and attempt to reconstruct the ancient environment, which could promote the evolution of alcoholic fermentation. We speculate that the first step toward the so-called fermentative lifestyle was the exploration of anaerobic niches resulting in an increased metabolic capacity to degrade sugar to ethanol. The strengthened glycolytic flow had in parallel a beneficial effect on the microbial competition outcome and later evolved as a "new" tool promoting the yeast competition ability under aerobic conditions. The basic aerobic alcoholic fermentation ability was subsequently "upgraded" in several lineages by evolving additional regulatory steps, such as glucose repression in the S. cerevisiae clade, to achieve a more precise metabolic control

Pichia pastoris regulates its gene-specific response to different carbon sources at the transcriptional, rather than the translational, level

Background: The methylotrophic, Crabtree-negative yeast Pichia pastoris is widely used as a heterologous protein production host. Strong inducible promoters derived from methanol utilization genes or constitutive glycolytic promoters are typically used to drive gene expression. Notably, genes involved in methanol utilization are not only repressed by the presence of glucose, but also by glycerol. This unusual regulatory behavior prompted us to study the regulation of carbon substrate utilization in different bioprocess conditions on a genome wide scale. Results: We performed microarray analysis on the total mRNA population as well as mRNA that had been fractionated according to ribosome occupancy. Translationally quiescent mRNAs were defined as being associated with single ribosomes (monosomes) and highly-translated mRNAs with multiple ribosomes (polysomes). We found that despite their lower growth rates, global translation was most active in methanol-grown P. pastoris cells, followed by excess glycerol- or glucose-grown cells. Transcript-specific translational responses were found to be minimal, while extensive transcriptional regulation was observed for cells grown on different carbon sources. Due to their respiratory metabolism, cells grown in excess glucose or glycerol had very similar expression profiles. Genes subject to glucose repression were mainly involved in the metabolism of alternative carbon sources including the control of glycerol uptake and metabolism. Peroxisomal and methanol utilization genes were confirmed to be subject to carbon substrate repression in excess glucose or glycerol, but were found to be strongly de-repressed in limiting glucose-conditions (as are often applied in fed batch cultivations) in addition to induction by methanol. Conclusions: P. pastoris cells grown in excess glycerol or glucose have similar transcript profiles in contrast to S. cerevisiae cells, in which the transcriptional response to these carbon sources is very different. The main response to different growth conditions in P. pastoris is transcriptional; translational regulation was not transcript-specific. The high proportion of mRNAs associated with polysomes in methanol-grown cells is a major finding of this study; it reveals that high productivity during methanol induction is directly linked to the growth condition and not only to promoter strength

DO YEASTS AND DROSOPHILA INTERACT JUST BY CHANCE?

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are classic research model organisms that are also associated in nature, at least around vineyards. Sharing the same ephemeral fruit niche, winged Drosophila feed on immotile yeasts. That a yeast diet is essential for larvae development, and that saprophagous fruit flies are attracted to a suite of yeast volatiles, has been well established over the last century. Recently, research has focussed on the potential mutual benefit of this interaction hypothesising yeasts also benefit via dispersal from ephemeral fruits. It now appears that the concept of a co-evolved mutualism between yeasts and Drosophila has permeated the literature. However, until robust evidence regarding the evolution and maintenance of this yeast-fly association has been provided, we suggest there is no compelling evidence to reject the more simplistic null hypothesis that these interactions are due to exaptation, and not a mutualism driven by natural selection

ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНИХ РИЗИКІВ ПРОМИСЛОВОГО ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

Анотація. Метою статті є дослідження особливостей інвестиційних ризиків і визначення відповідних методів щодо їх оцінювання у процесі господарської діяльності підприємстві. Сформовано науково-практичний підхід щодо економіко-математичного моделювання на основі мінімізації ризику інвестиційного портфеля задля ухвалення ефективних управлінських рішень. Сучасні методи управління економікою значною мірою спираються на застосуванні економіко-математичних методів, а саме моделювання. Процес інвестування пов’язаний із ризиками. Нестабільність у розвитку сучасної економіки призводить до похибок при ухваленні рішень щодо управління промисловим підприємством. Перш за все, це пов’язано з розподілом фінансових коштів, які зберігаються на балансі підприємств. У підсумку це призведе до наявності фінансового ризику при розподілі фінансів. Наукові доробки зумовлюють актуальність і необхідність подальшого дослідження питання щодо особливостей інвестування для підприємств із відповідним оцінюванням ризику. Формально представлена постановка завдання і послідовне її вирішення шляхом реалізації відповідного алгоритму задля коригування його вартості.. Запропоновано постановку і вирішення завдань формування фінансового портфеля на основі мінімізації фінансового ризику і відповідних втрат, що дозволяє ефективно розподілити фінансові кошти промислового підприємства. Доведено, що для збереження стабільної структури портфеля доцільно мінімізувати дисперсію за обмежень, які накладені на величину інвестицій і ставку прибутковості. Аналіз отриманих результатів економіко-математичного моделювання на основі статичних даних щодо діяльності промислового підприємства ПАТ «Запоріжсталь» підтвердив дієвість запропонованого підходу, що дозволило скоригувати вартість портфеля в бік його зменшення. Доведено, що прибутковість портфеля не може бути більшою від прибутковості самого дохідного цінного папера (акції), що входить у портфель; завжди варто обирати між збільшенням прибутковості і зменшенням ризику. Ключові слова: ризик, інвестиції, портфель, модель, підприємство, прибутковість. Формул: 25; рис.: 1; табл.: 2; бібл.: 17.

Model and algorithm for mitigation the consequences of fires through an insurance system

Introduction. Early notification of a fire by means of fire automation can save human lives and significantly reduce material damage in case of fires. One of the ways to provide housing stock fund with fire automation is insurance. The relevance of the research is to develop a model for reducing fire risks in housing through the insurance system in the Russian Federation. Goals and objectives. The purpose of the article is to create a model for managing fire risks in housing through the domestic insurance system. This goal allows us to solve the problem of reducing fire risks in the housing stock. Methods. They include methods of system analysis, mathematical statistics, technical and economic analysis, and mathematical modeling. The research was based on domestic and foreign literature, legal and regulatory sources, statistical materials and results of research works on the subject of the study. Results and discussion. Solutions to the model of fire risk management in housing through the domestic insurance system are found. Conclusion. The results of solving the problem of reducing the risk of death in fires in the residential sector through the insurance system are presented. The decision is based on the economic motivation of both insurers and policyholders. An algorithm and model for reducing fire risks through the insurance system are proposed that allow achieving voluntary, economically motivated compliance with fire safety requirements. Key words: fires, loss of life in fires, fire risks, fire automation, fire insurance.</jats:p