Les représentations du système scolaire des familles issues de milieux défavorisés

Le présent texte s’attarde d’abord au concept de représentation sociale utilisé aux fins de notre travail. Puis, il explique la méthodologie utilisée pour effectuer la recension des écrits, en expose les principaux résultats et dégage les conclusions qui s’imposent.INTRODUCTION 1; LES REPRÉSENTATIONS SOCIALES, LES FAMILLES ET L’ÉCOLE 4; MÉTHODOLOGIE DE LA RECENSION 7; RÉSULTATS 13; UNE FONCTION COGNITIVE PERMETTANT LA COMPRÉHENSION ET L’EXPLICATION DE LA RÉALITÉ 14; UNE FONCTION IDENTITAIRE DE DÉFINITION ET DE SAUVEGARDE DE LA SPÉCIFICITÉ DES GROUPES 18; UNE FONCTION D’ORIENTATION GUIDANT LES COMPORTEMENTS ET LES PRATIQUES ET UNE FONCTION JUSTIFICATRICE PERMETTANT DE JUSTIFIER A POSTERIORI LES PRISES DE POSITION ET LES COMPORTEMENTS 19; CONCLUSION 22; BIBLIOGRAPHIE 24

Clinical applications of gamma delta T cells with multivalent immunity

Gamma delta T cells hold promise for adoptive immunotherapy because of their reactivity to bacteria, viruses, and tumors. However, these cells represent a small fraction (1-5%) of the peripheral T-cell pool and require activation and propagation to achieve clinical benefit. Aminobisphosphonates specifically expand the Vgamma9Vdelta2 subset of gamma delta T cells and have been used in clinical trials of cancer where objective responses were detected. The Vgamma9Vdelta2 TCR heterodimer binds multiple ligands and results in a multivalent attack by a monoclonal T cell population. Alternatively, populations of gamma delta T cells with oligoclonal or polyclonal TCR repertoire could be infused for broad-range specificity. However, this goal has been restricted by a lack of applicable expansion protocols for non-Vgamma9Vdelta2 cells. Recent advances using immobilized antigens, agonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), tumor-derived artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC), or combinations of activating mAbs and aAPC have been successful in expanding gamma delta T cells with oligoclonal or polyclonal TCR repertoires. Immobilized MHC Class-I chain-related A was a stimulus for gamma delta T cells expressing TCRdelta1 isotypes, and plate-bound activating antibodies have expanded Vdelta1 and Vdelta2 cells ex vivo. Clinically-sufficient quantities of TCRdelta1, TCRdelta2, and TCRdelta1negTCRdelta2neg have been produced following co-culture on aAPC, and these subsets displayed differences in memory phenotype and reactivity to tumors in vitro and in vivo. Gamma delta T cells are also amenable to genetic modification as evidenced by introduction of alpha beta TCRs, chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), and drug-resistance genes. This represents a promising future for the clinical application of oligoclonal or polyclonal gamma delta T cells in autologous and allogeneic settings that builds on current trials testing the safety and efficacy of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells

Tumor- and Neoantigen-Reactive T-cell Receptors Can Be Identified Based on Their Frequency in Fresh Tumor

Adoptive transfer of T cells with engineered T-cell receptor (TCR) genes that target tumor-specific antigens can mediate cancer regression. Accumulating evidence suggests that the clinical success of many immunotherapies is mediated by T-cells targeting mutated neoantigens unique to the patient. We hypothesized that the most frequent TCR clonotypes infiltrating the tumor were reactive against tumor antigens. To test this, we developed a multi-step strategy that involved TCRB deep sequencing of the CD8(+)PD-1(+) T-cell subset, matching of TCRA-TCRB pairs by pairSEQ and single cell RT-PCR, followed by testing of the TCRs for tumor-antigen specificity. Analysis of 12 fresh metastatic melanomas revealed that in 11 samples, up to 5 tumor-reactive TCRs were present in the 5 most frequently occurring clonotypes, which included reactivity against neoantigens. These data demonstrate the feasibility of developing a rapid, personalized, TCR-gene therapy approach that targets the unique set of antigens presented by the autologous tumor without the need to identify their immunologic reactivity

Immunologic Recognition of a Shared p53 Mutated Neoantigen in a Patient with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with T cells targeting neoantigens can mediate durable responses in patients with metastatic cancer. Cell therapies targeting common shared antigens for epithelial cancers are not yet broadly available. Here, we report the identification and characterization in one patient of T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognizing mutated p53 p.R175H, which is shared among a subset of patients with cancer. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were screened for recognition of mutated neoantigens in a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer. HLA-A*0201-restricted recognition of mutated p53 p.R175H was identified, and the minimal peptide epitope was HMTEVV

Nova gestão pública e educação: a trajetória da política do Quebec de "gestão orientada por resultados"

RESUMO: Este artigo centra-se na trajetória (BALL, 1997) da política educacional de "gestão orientada por resultados" ("gestion axée sur les résultats" - GAR) no Quebec desde 2000 mobilizando a sociologia da ação pública. (MULLER, 2000) Para tal, vários "relatos de ação pública" (RADAELLI, 2000) usados pelos criadores, pelas partes interessadas e beneficiários dessa política são revelados. Os resultados da análise evidenciam a sedimentação e a hibridização de medidas reportando-se à prestação de contas comunitária ou performativa. O texto mostra um processo de recontextualização "neo-estatista" da Nova Gestão Pública em pratica na trajetória da política de educação do Quebec, a qual reforça o papel do Estado na gestão da educação